Across
- 1. A Calvinist belief that God has already determined the fate and salvation of every person.
- 5. A deadly disease brought to Europe from the Mongols in Asia during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of the population and contributed to the decline of Feudalism.
- 6. Author of The Prince, a political guidebook, and an advisor who helped the Medici family maintain power in Florence.
- 7. Queen of England who restored Protestantism but tried to balance both Protestant and Catholic traditions to keep peace.
- 8. A political system built around an oath of loyalty between a vassal and a lord, with the most powerful individuals being landowners.
- 9. King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor who established a unified empire in Medieval Europe.
- 13. “Rebirth”; a period following the Middle Ages that focused on the revival of classical learning from Greece and Rome, along with new ideas in art, science, and culture.
- 15. A religious group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England by removing remaining Catholic practices.
- 16. A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.
- 18. Dynasty A Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne’s father that ruled from 751 to 987. Important rulers included Charles Martel, Pepin, and Charlemagne.
Down
- 2. Payments made to the Catholic Church to receive forgiveness for sins. The selling of indulgences was a major cause of the Reformation.
- 3. Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, and architect known for masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
- 4. A mechanical device that used movable type to transfer ink onto paper. First appeared in Europe around 1450 and greatly increased the spread of knowledge.
- 10. German monk who wrote the 95 Theses in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation by criticizing Church practices.
- 11. Inventor of the printing press, whose technology revolutionized communication and literacy.
- 12. Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order dedicated to strengthening Catholicism and resisting Protestant spread.
- 14. A major center of Renaissance culture in the 1400s and a hub of trade, art, and commerce.
- 17. A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and emphasized human potential, individual achievement, and secular learning.