Across
- 3. A series of rulers from the same family
- 5. Related to agriculture and farming; many ancient societies were agrarian, relying on crops and domesticated animals.
- 9. A political system where a king or queen holds centralized power, such as Mesopotamian city-states or Chinese dynasties.
- 13. The scattering of people from their homeland, such as the Jewish diaspora following the Babylonian exile.
- 17. The ancient language of India used in religious and literary texts.
- 18. The departure of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt, led by Moses.
- 20. An upright stone slab or pillar inscribed with text or carvings, used for commemorations, such as Hammurabi's Code.
- 21. The wedge-shaped writing system of ancient Mesopotamia.
- 23. A triangular area of fertile land at the mouth of a river, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, which supported agriculture and settlement.
- 24. Bones Animal bones or shells used in ancient China to communicate with deities or ancestors.
- 26. of Heaven The belief that Chinese rulers had the divine right to rule, but could lose it through misrule.
- 31. A form of government where rulers are seen as divine or rule in the name of a god, such as pharaohs in ancient Egypt.
- 32. The title for ancient Egyptian monarchs, considered divine.
- 38. The writing system of ancient Egypt using pictorial symbols.
- 40. The preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping in cloth, practiced in Egypt.
- 41. A long narrative poem about heroes and gods, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia.
- 42. The exchange of goods, services, or resources between people or regions.
- 43. A massive, terraced pyramid used as a temple in Mesopotamian cities.
Down
- 1. A belief system where shamans act as intermediaries between the spiritual and physical worlds, found in various early societies.
- 2. Cycle The pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties in China.
- 4. The holy book of Judaism, containing the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
- 6. Ancient Hindu scriptures composed in Sanskrit.
- 7. The belief in many gods, common in most ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India.
- 8. Monumental structures in Egypt built as tombs for pharaohs, reflecting their religious and political significance.
- 10. Symbolism A significant religious theme in Olmec culture.
- 11. A sacred agreement, such as that between Abraham and Yahweh.
- 12. System The rigid social structure in ancient India, rooted in Hindu beliefs.
- 14. Worship The Chinese practice of honoring ancestors through rituals.
- 15. Commandments A set of laws given to Moses, forming the ethical basis of Judaism.
- 16. A method of supplying water to land or crops to aid growth.
- 19. Tools, systems, or methods used to solve problems or improve society.
- 21. of Hammurabi One of the earliest written legal codes, created by Babylonian King Hammurabi.
- 22. A plant-based material used by Egyptians for writing.
- 25. Heads Massive stone sculptures created by the Olmecs, believed to represent rulers or deities.
- 27. The belief in one god, as seen in the religion of the ancient Hebrews.
- 28. A group of people whose migrations spread languages, iron-working, and agricultural techniques throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
- 29. Seasonal winds in South Asia that brought heavy rains essential for agriculture, particularly in India.
- 30. Related to the sea; refers to societies that engaged in sea-based trade and navigation, such as early Indian Ocean trade.
- 33. A stone coffin, often elaborately decorated, used to house the mummified remains of Egyptian elites.
- 34. A person trained to write and record information, essential in societies like Egypt and Mesopotamia for administration and religion.
- 35. Crescent A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, including Mesopotamia, known for its rich soils and the birthplace of early civilizations.
- 36. Road Trade routes connecting China to other civilizations, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
- 37. A political unit consisting of an independent city and the surrounding land it controls.
- 39. A social system where men hold primary authority in society, government, and families, seen in most ancient civilizations.