Across
- 2. A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher who advocated for civil liberties, including freedom of religion and expression.
- 4. An Italian astronomer and physicist who played a key role in the scientific revolution, notably for his support of the heliocentric theory.
- 7. An English mathematician and physicist who is most famous for his laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.
- 12. The process by which cities grow and more people move into them, often due to industrialization and economic opportunities.
- 13. The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some freedoms to authority in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.
- 14. A policy or ideology of extending a nation's power through diplomacy or military force over other nations.
- 15. A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer known for improving the steam engine, leading to its widespread use in the Industrial Revolution.
- 16. A region where a particular country has significant cultural, economic, or military influence, often without formal control.
- 18. The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule and have unquestionable authority.
- 19. A person who organizes and operates a business, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
- 20. A manufacturing process in which products are assembled in a sequential manner using specialized machinery and workers.
Down
- 1. A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers negotiated and formalized the division of Africa among themselves.
- 3. An English philosopher known for his political theory, which argued that without a strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
- 5. A social class between the upper and lower classes, typically characterized by moderate wealth, education, and professional jobs.
- 6. A French philosopher known for his work on the theory of the separation of powers in government, particularly in "The Spirit of the Laws."
- 8. A systematic approach to investigation based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning to develop theories and test them.
- 9. A Swiss philosopher who argued that society corrupts individuals and that the ideal government is one based on the "general will" of the people.
- 10. The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, as proposed by Copernicus.
- 11. An English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should protect these rights.
- 17. Large buildings where goods are produced, typically using machinery and mass labor.