Across
- 1. intellectual and cultural rebirth in Europe (14th-17th century) that launched the Age of Exploration and naval technological advancements.
- 7. social or governmental hierarchy where a person's status, power, or wealth is determined by their skin color rather than their formal race or economic class.
- 8. and Portugal.
- 9. person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry.
- 11. American tribe lifestyles in this region featured mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies.
- 13. European religious denomination brought to the Americas by Spanish missionaries aiming to convert indigenous populations.
- 14. of the European leader who was able to prevent Spain and Portugal from going to war over territory in the New World.
- 15. Exchange/The transatlantic transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology beginning in 1492.
- 17. person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
- 18. Strait/Waterway where a land bridge was exposed during the last ice age making it possible for people from Asia to walk to and people the Americas over 10,000 years ago.
Down
- 2. system that granted legal rights to native labor in exchange for converting them to Christianity.
- 3. word for corn, it was the primary crop that fueled population growth and settled societies in the Americas.
- 4. belief system that involves the worship of multiple gods or deities, common among many indigenous cultures.
- 5. Las Casas/Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and criticized the encomienda system.
- 6. of Tordesillas/1494 agreement that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between
- 10. American tribe lifestyles in this region relied heavily on hunting, gathering, and fishing (especially salmon).
- 12. Plains/Nomadic Native American tribes whose lifestyle centered around hunting bison (buffalo)
- 16. primary precious metal that Spanish explorers sought to extract from the Americas to enrich their