Across
- 5. a writing system using symbols and pictures, developed by the ancient Egyptians for religious texts and official inscriptions
- 8. a series of rules from the same family
- 10. the central religious text of Judaism, containing laws, history, and teachings; includes 1st five books of Hebrew Bible
- 11. an ancient Persian religion founded by Zoroaster, emphasizing the battle between good and evil and belief in one god, Anura Mazda
- 13. the title of ancient Egyptian kings, considered divine rules and central to both government and religion
- 14. a set of moral and religious laws given to Moses in the Hebrew tradition; forms a key part of Jewish & Christian ethics
- 16. the scattering of a people from their homeland; most often refers to Jewish Diaspora after Exile
- 17. a system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
- 18. belief in one god
Down
- 1. a government system where religious leaders rule in the name of a deity, and laws are based on religious doctrine
- 2. belief in many gods
- 3. an independent city and its surrounding territory that functions as its own sovereign state
- 4. a system of ranking people or groups based on status or authority; most ancient societies had social hierarchies (e.g. kings, priests, merchants, slaves)
- 6. a large political unit or state, usually under a single ruler, that controls many people or territories
- 7. a period when iron tools and weapons became widespread, replacing bronze; led to stronger armies and more advanced agriculture and trade
- 9. extra goods or food beyond what is needed for survival; allow for trade, specialization, and the growth of civilizations
- 12. the "land between rivers" (Tigris & Euphrates); birthplace of the civilizations like Sumer, Babylon, & Assyria; Known for early writing and law codes
- 15. a civilization south of Egypt along the Nile, known for its rich culture, trade, and interactions with Egypt (sometimes as rivals, sometimes as allies)