Across
- 4. Child directed speech The various ways in which a caregiver (unconsciously) adapts their speech in order to aid a child in language development.
- 9. function Where a child's utterance is trying to fulfil a need.
- 11. Whena child uses a word more broadly than intended to describe things other than the actual item to which the word applies.
- 12. based linguistics A model that emphasises that language structures emerge from use and language patterns are formed becoming what we know as grammatical constructions. Tomasello
- 13. verb A verb that joins a subject to an adjective or noun complement. "I am happy" joins the subject "I" to the adjective "happy" - can include the verb "to be" - "to look" - "to seem" - "to feel".
- 17. A more generic term that is connected to more specific word choices that are all within the same semantic field. e.g Fruit is a hypernym
- 18. permanence An understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or touched.
- 19. Stage Usually between 12 and 18 months. A whole sentence worth of meaning in a single word. Often concrete nouns.
- 21. One consonant or vowel is swapped for another
- 23. words Words within a sentence that are vital to meaning
- 25. More knowledgeable other The older participant in an interaction who might offer support to a child so they can further their own developmental learning. Vygotsky
- 27. Verbal Stage Consisting of crying, cooing and babbling
- 29. Rasa Latin for "blank slate" and the term used to describe the idea that children are born with unbdeveloped, fresh brains.
- 31. Omitting a particular sound within a word
- 33. Structure Initiation, Response, Feedback Sinclair and Coulthard's means of analysing educational discourse. Three part conversational exchange. One speaker starts the conversation, a second speaker responds and the first speaker then provides some feedback.
- 34. Where a caregiver might develop the child's utterance to make it more grammatically complete.
- 35. The grammatically incorrect utterance of the child is spoken back to the child but in the correct form.
- 36. The reduction is scale of an object through addition of extra suffix e.g. Doggie, Dolly More accessible and phonologically easier or more appealing to say.
- 40. Grammar Term coined by Chomsky -the idea that all human languages possess similar grammatical properties which the brain is "hard -wired" to decode and use.
- 41. The process of swapping one sound for another that is easier to produce.
- 44. Acquisition Device Proposed bt Chomsky. All humans are born with an innate language capacity.
- 45. babbling Involves variation of the consonant and vowel sounds being produced.
- 46. spurt Cognitive change occurs and child moves into a period of rapid acquisition and faster lexical development.
- 47. or free morpheme Units of meaning within a word that do not depend on other morphemes to make sense.
- 48. An adjective or adverb that expresses the highest degree of quality.
Down
- 1. Where a child might use a word more narrowly to describe something without recognising the word has a wider use.
- 2. cluster reduction Reducing phonologically complex units into simpler ones - from two or more consonants down to one.
- 3. The support provided by caregivers through modelling how speech ought to take place in order to help language development.
- 5. telegraphic stage Occurs around age 3. Contracted forms, verb inflections and formation of pronouns. By age 4 largely grammatically accurate and complete sentences.
- 6. imperatives An instruction given in such a way that it does not appear to be a command but a more gentle suggestion
- 7. babbling Repeatedly using the same sounds such as "bababababa"
- 8. words Words within a sentence that are necessary to demonstrate structural accuracy.
- 10. reinforcement The positive feedback given to a child which is thought to encourage similar performance again.
- 13. Competence The ability to creative meaningful speech or writing.
- 14. Word A made up word such as "ray-rays" for raisins becuase the child can not yet pronounce the word.
- 15. Zone of proximal development Describes the area between what a child can already do and that which is beyond their reach. Caregiver might enable child to progress by offering support. Vygotsksy
- 16. The more specific words that can be defined within the more generic hypernym. (Tree - hypernym) (Oak, Ash, Willow, Beech - homonym)
- 20. Thinking only of the self without undersatnding or regard for the feelings of others.
- 22. word stage Occurs around 18 months - puts two words together. The more a child progesses, the clearer and more refined the language becomes. Begins to understand grammar.
- 24. stage Occurs around age 2. Longer and more complete. Coveys main message with minimum number of words. Include key content words but likely to omit grammatical words.
- 26. Language Acquisition Support System Proposed by Bruner. A system whereby caregivers and other individuals who play a key role in a child's language development.
- 28. Repeated syllables within a word Such as moo-moo or wee wee
- 30. morphemes Units of meaning within a word that depend on other morphemes to make sense.
- 32. development Piaget A child's development of thinking and understanding.
- 37. Communication Gestures, Haptics (Touch), Paralanguage (stress, amplitude, speed), Eye Contact and Facial Expressions -these are the main ones for a child.
- 38. Mean length of utterance The average utterance length of speakers - calculated by adding up the total number of words spoken and dividing by the total number of utterances - a way of measuring each speakers input or dominance.
- 39. Answer
- 42. conditioning A positive or negative response given by caregiver can influence the way a child speaks in the future
- 43. errors Grammatical errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules.