Across
- 2. cover: the amount of ground covered by the branches, leaves and stems of plants; can specify as herbaceous, shrub, tree or all canopy cover; expressed as a percentage
- 4. a type of organism whose members can freely interbreed with each other and genetically are very similar; do not necessarily interact or located together
- 6. range the area used by an animal; usually described as the area that encompasses the daily, seasonal, and annual movements of an animal
- 8. plants adapted to dry conditions; often store water in leaves and other parts of the plant; usually have small leaves and thorns
- 10. count a census method commonly used to monitor relative abundance of songbirds
- 12. usually refers to non-coniferous trees bearing leaves
- 15. chemicals used to kill or control the growth of 252 Wildlife Habitat Education Program undesirable plants
- 17. usually refers to needleleaf trees that bear seeds in cones; examples include spruces, pines and firs
- 18. a hill that rises abruptly from the surroundings; sides are steeply sloped or with cliffs, and the top is nearly flat.
- 19. plant species that grow from a root system that remains alive more than two years
- 22. plain large, nearly level areas of land near ocean shores
- 28. plants: grasses, forbs, sedges, rushes and ferns; plants having soft rather than woody stems
- 31. a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area that interact with each other
- 32. where two vegetation types or seral stages meet and blend gradually with characteristics of both communities represented
- 33. an area with scattered trees maintained by fire and/or grazing
- 34. to water through diversion ditches and pipes
- 35. area space or area represented by tree stems at 4.5 feet above ground; for example, a basal area of 60 square feet per acre means that of 43,560 square feet of available space (1 acre), tree trunks represent 60 square feet of that space 4.5 feet above ground
- 37. replacement of one vegetation type or seral stage by another
- 41. chemicals required for plants and animals to grow and exist
- 43. to make a cavity or hole
- 44. the process of changing from one form to another
- 45. occurring in a remote or other area where visibility is obstructed or reduced
- 47. behavioral term for fish that breed in fresh water, but mature in salt water, such as Coho salmon (see catadromous)
- 49. usually referring to soil high in available nutrients
- 50. the arrangement of vegetation types or successional stages
- 52. species: a species in danger of becoming extinct
- 54. where two vegetation types or seral stages meet
- 56. planting trees in an area that previously was not forested; for example, planting trees in a field coming out of agricultural production
- 58. elimination of solid body waste by animals
- 61. type: a community or assemblage of plants commonly found in association with each other
- 64. to replace lost or damaged parts with new tissue
- 68. site where various mammal species, such as raccoon or river otter, habitually defecate or urinate
- 69. the process of tending and managing a forest
- 74. the surroundings that affect the growth and development of an organism including other plants and animals, climate and location
- 77. animals lacking a backbone; examples include insects, spiders, mollusks and crustaceans
- 80. keeping something out of an area
- 82. litter dead and decaying organic matter found on the ground such as leaves, branches and dead plants
- 83. the mixing of vegetation types or successional stages; high interspersion represents a lot of mixing; low interspersion represents little mixing
- 86. the winter den or shelter for various species
- 87. organisms that reduce animal carcasses and waste and dead plant material into nutrients
- 89. having thick fleshy leaves that conserve moisture
- 92. the natural breakdown and decay of dead plant and animal material
- 93. seed occurring naturally in the top few inches of soil
- 94. to vary, or rise and fall irregularly
- 96. a small fish, especially up to one year of age
- 97. (compensatory and additive) – death of individuals
Down
- 1. stand: a contiguous area of trees of similar species composition, age and structure that can managed as a unit
- 3. web: a complex network of food chains
- 4. grass-like plant, often associated with moist areas and usually with triangular stems
- 5. usually refers to coniferous trees, though some deciduous trees such as red maple and aspen also have relatively soft wood
- 7. the plant community along with the animal community together with soil, air, water, and sunlight
- 8. a strip or block of cover that connects otherwise isolated areas for a particular wildlife species
- 9. species plant or animal species with a disproportionate influence in its community relative to its abundance
- 11. plant and animal species originating historically or migrating naturally to a particular ecoregion
- 13. successional stage occurring prior to climax stage, but further development is inhibited by some factor(s) other than climate
- 14. plants that shed their leaves annually
- 15. plant-eating animal
- 16. capacity: the maximum population that an area can sustain without causing some type of damage; usually related to food, cover, water, or space for a particular species (biological carrying capacity), but the term is sometimes applicable to cultural limitations for humans
- 18. n. leaves and ends of twigs of woody species; v. to eat browse
- 20. the area adjacent to and influenced by a water source such as a creek, stream, river, pond, lake, swamp or other wetland
- 21. sluggish; not producing to potential
- 23. accumulation of dead grass and leaves on the ground
- 24. a behavioral term that describes primary activity near dawn and dusk
- 25. the physical and biological resources (food, cover, water) required by a species within an area of sufficient size (space) for that species
- 26. usually used to describe the periodic movement to and from a breeding area; may also be used to explain other seasonal movements, such as altitudinal migration in elevation in response to snow cover and food availability
- 27. chemicals used to control insects
- 29. declining in health and/or productivity
- 30. stage a successional stage in a sere
- 36. microscopic floating and suspended aquatic plants
- 38. breaking down the protective coating on various species of seed allowing the seed to germinate; often facilitated by fire or digestion
- 39. referring to topography
- 40. the plant or animal species that is the most common in an area
- 42. the growth stage in a plant or plant part (like a leaf) from full maturity to death; old age
- 43. plants that do not lose all their leaves at one time, including some conifers, but also many broadleaf trees and shrubs such as live oak and American holly
- 46. n. refers to the vegetation eaten by animals; v. to search for food
- 48. lack of normal precipitation for an extended period of time; long period with little or no rain
- 51. residue left on the ground after trees are harvested
- 53. in forestry, refers to young trees
- 55. to stimulate and return to good health and vigor
- 57. most often used in natural resources management to describe disruption of continuity of a vegetation or type community; for example, an interstate highway can cause fragmentation of a forest
- 59. a meat-eating animal
- 60. temporary; often seasonal; not long lasting
- 62. an elevated, relatively level expanse of land; sometimes called table land
- 63. rate: amount of land allotted to each animal for the entire grazable portion of the year
- 65. to supply or expose water with air to increase dissolved oxygen and release harmful gases
- 66. microscopic animals that float/swim in water
- 67. an area that represents several interacting ecosystems; usually regional in reference
- 70. an insect-eating animal
- 71. behavioral term for fish that breed in salt water, but mature in fresh water (see anadromous)
- 72. a measure of water clarity (or cloudiness) as influenced by suspension of sediment or other materials, but most often soil particles (usually silt or clay)
- 73. usually refers to planting trees in an area that was previously forested and recently harvested
- 75. an animal that eats both plant and animal material
- 76. having harmful effects
- 78. a series of successional stages at a particular site, leading to a mature, climax community
- 79. when referring to plants, those that complete their life cycle from seed to mature seed-bearing plant in one growing season
- 81. referring to trees and shrubs
- 84. chain: step by step passage of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem; for example, clover—deer—mountain lion
- 85. a plant with wide blade leaves such as an oak or cottonwood. Seeds are born from flowering parts in contrast to conifers which bear seeds in cones
- 88. to gather food in a systematic manner
- 90. vegetation and other land features that provide areas for wildlife to hide, sleep, feed and reproduce
- 91. plants that bear seeds in a pod; examples include lespedezas, clovers, soybeans, peas and black locust
- 95. dry, receives little precipitation
- 96. broad-leaved herbaceous plant