Across
- 4. A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often formed to protect their interests, regulate trade, and maintain standards of quality.
- 6. An alliance of northern Italian cities, formed in the 12th century to resist the Holy Roman Emperor’s attempts to assert control over them.
- 7. A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for loyalty and service, with kings, nobles, vassals, and serfs forming the hierarchy.
- 9. A split within the Roman Catholic Church (1378–1417) where multiple popes claimed legitimacy, leading to divisions in the church and confusion among Christians.
- 10. A peasant who was legally bound to the land and under the control of a lord in the feudal system, with limited freedom and rights.
Down
- 1. A Czech priest and theologian whose teachings, including criticism of church corruption, led to the Hussite movement and his execution for heresy in 1415.
- 2. A multi-ethnic empire in central Europe, founded in 800 AD, that lasted until 1806, with the emperor often seen as the secular ruler of Christendom.
- 3. A large estate or agricultural land, typically owned by a lord, that included villages and farmland worked by peasants or serfs.
- 5. A follower of Jan Hus, a Czech religious reformer, who advocated for church reform and was a key figure in pre-Reformation movements.
- 8. A city in southern France that was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1377, during the period known as the Avignon Papacy.