Across
- 2. Capital city of the eastern Roman empire; formerly the Greek city of Byzantium and today the Turkish city of Istanbul
- 6. The bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church
- 11. A government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives
- 12. A soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army
- 13. Ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet people’s needs
- 15. In ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time
- 16. Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
- 19. A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mystical means.
- 22. A city and its surrounding lands function as an independent political unit.
- 24. A government in which power is in the hands of a few people - especially one in which rule is based upon wealth
- 25. A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
- 26. A belief in a single god
- 31. A seafaring people from southwest Asia, around 100 BC, began to trade and establish colonies throughout the Mediterranean region.
- 32. An arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
- 33. The taming of animals
- 35. A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
- 36. A government in which power is in the hands of a single person
- 38. One of the professional record keepers in early civilizations
- 40. A body of law governing the lives of Muslims
- 41. A political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
- 42. The holy book of Islam
- 43. An economic concept that refers to separating tasks in which people in a factory or company work at one kind of job and learn to do it well
- 44. A human-made object from the past
- 45. A highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food
Down
- 1. A religious image used by eastern Christians
- 3. A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services
- 4. A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote
- 5. A principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity.
- 6. A tall reed that grows in the Nile Delta was used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paper-like material for writing on
- 7. A period of peace and prosperity throughout the roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to AD 180
- 8. Part of the land making up the Fertile Cresent, meaning “land between the rivers” in Greek
- 9. In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrates
- 10. The Old Stone Age, lasting from about 2.5 million years ago to 8000 BC
- 14. A system of writing and wedge-shaped symbols, invented by Sumerians around 3000 BC
- 17. In ancient Greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state’s government by appealing to the poor for support
- 18. The New Stone Age, lasting from about 8000 BC to as early as 3000 BC
- 20. One of Jesus’s followers who preached and spread his teachings
- 21. A human and other creatures that walk upright
- 23. The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
- 27. An Islamic model for living based on the life and teachings of Muhammad
- 28. A high-ranking Christian official who supervises a number of local churches
- 29. God (an Arabic word, used mainly in Islam)
- 30. A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
- 31. A belief in many gods
- 34. The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
- 37. An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
- 39. The Spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another