economics Crossword Puzzles

10 Clues: gifts of nature • something you can grasp • limited resources or supplies • a basic requirement for survival • something we would simply like to have • everything given up for the choice you make • the way people deal with scarcity; budgeting • the tools, equipment, machinery, and factories used • people with all their efforts, abilities, and skills • ...

10 Clues: A person who buys a product • The study of how we use money • When a product is easy to find • When a product is hard to find • the amontof things that exists • A business that makes a product • tax A tax on goods that you buy • someone who works for an employer • A person who needs to hire someone • the amount of profucts that people are willing to buy

12 Clues: of necessity. • work, especially hard physical work. • state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. • have a desire to possess or do (something); wish for. • the process of discovering new ways of combining resources. • cash or liquid assets being held or obtained for expenditures. • the resource that encompasses the natural resources used in production. • ...

12 Clues: is a measure of the work done by human beings. • is remuneration paid by an employer to an employee. • is the point where a person stops employment completely. • occurs when people are without work and actively seeking work. • is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. • ...

12 Clues: What a company make • Desirable and limited • Factors of production • Items people find useful • Overall price level decreases • Production Possibility Frontier • Econ om in which government has no part • Study of the behavior of a nation in the market • Economy in which government controls everything • Economy in which government regulates the market • ...

12 Clues: What a company make • Factors of production • Desirable and limited • Items people find useful • Overall price level decreases • Production Possibility Frontier • Economy in which government has no part • Study of the behavior of a nation in the market • Economy in which government controls everything • Economy in which government regulates the market • ...

12 Clues: Development without damaging surrounding • goods are exchanged without use of money • it is controlled and managed by the government • When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources • deposits in the bank accounts which can be withdrawn on demand • has enabled some large Indian Companies to emerge as Multinational • ...

12 Clues: calculated by using CGINX • CPI stands for __________________ • export receipts minus import payments • export receipts are and example of _________ • total quantity of output a firm will produce/sell • a diagram showing money and real flows in a economy • a phase in the economy when employment is at its highest • ...

13 Clues: has a continuum economy • has a continuum economy • is trading without money • has strict government control • is based on supply and demand • kingdom has a continuum economy • is both command and markert economy • is to have a desire to posses something • is based on traditional customs and beliefs • is the wealth and resources of a country or region • ...

15 Clues: what is Russia's economy. • what is Germany's economy. • What is the United Kingdoms economy. • Things that you need to live or survive. • The role of the government in a economic system. • The study of the production and money of a country. • When a country is reunited with a part of its country. • A country that is about half command and a market economy. • ...

12 Clues: 59% free 41% command • 73% free 27% command • 79% free 11% command • trading without money • something you don't need • something you really need • ran fully bye the citizens • the amount of role the gov plays • exchanging goods through bartering • economy based on supply and demand • traditional command mixed is a type of • the gov regulates all economic decisions

12 Clues: The producer with the lowest opportunity cost • This consists of Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship • The most desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision • Study of the large economy as a whole or in its basic subdivisions • Condition in which our wants are greater than our limited resources • ...

12 Clues: having less money than you spent • a commercially operating company • to earn money in a business deal • anything that has to do with taxes • anything that has to do with money • someone who makes goods or services • over time, the value of money drops • having more of something than you need • someone who buys goods or uses services • the amount of money that a country owes • ...

12 Clues: name of this class • not having enough of something • studying if you should go to college • that concert was so great, I rate it a 10 • the sleep you give up in order to be on time 2 • studying if the U.S. should lower interest rates • principle where you have you make decisions with others • incorrectly thinking that renting is better than buying 2 • ...

12 Clues: A fault or malfunction • An imperfection that lowers value • opinion formed ahead of knowing the person • Categorizing people based on one characteristic • Statistics and ... (2 words, no spaces) the fog of personal bias • A ... wife is prettier than her (usually very successful) husband • You use this to make judgements based on a feeling (2 words, no space) • ...

12 Clues: Risk taker • Land, labor, capital • Any point beyond the PPF • Work performed for someone • Basic requirement for survival • People with efforts, abilities, and skills • Natural resource not created by human effort • one that lies on the production possibilities curve • Condition caused by unlimited wants and limited resources • ...

12 Clues: Be on ____ to class! • Worth 40% of your grade • Worth 60% of your grade • You need your _____ chromebook daily. • Economics is a ______ class for graduation. • Remove your earbuds ______ you enter the class. • Keep all of you work until the ___ of the semester. • Assignments will not be accepted one ____ after the due date. • ...

12 Clues: A person managing mutual funds • Tool for financial forecasting • Expert in pricing stocks or bonds • The study of the economy as a whole • A writer focusing on economic trends • Software commonly used in data analysis • specialist in company performance analysis • One who predicts financial growth patterns • Essential skill for creating economic reports • ...

12 Clues: A business organization that produces goods or services for sale in order to earn a profit. • A marketplace where final goods and services are bought and sold by consumers and businesses. • An economic system based on customs, traditions, and barter, often found in rural or tribal communities. • ...

12 Clues: to exchange goods • shortness of supply • depending on each other • things that are bought and sold • things that are necessary for survival • an amount of a good that is available for sale • work done by professionals, help performed by others • items that are nice to have, but not necessary for survival • cost the thing a person gives up in order to get something else • ...

12 Clues: a factor of production • general increase in the level of prices • fall in the value of a currency in another • that which is offered up but there is a cost • that which you want but you have to have the money • A government payment that supports a business or market. • Money earned by the government, often used to fund public services. • ...

14 Clues: is the author of "The first law of Petropolitics"? • of plenty/The synonym for "Resource Curse" (3 words) • Sea/The “ecological disaster” in the south part of Kazakhstan. (2 words) • miracle/"The successes of Kazakhstan's economics" in other words. (2 words) • Union/A socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. (2 words) • ...

8 Clues: Shortage of something • Something Who's value can change • A statement of fact or hypothesis • Something who's value doesnt change • A statement that makes a value of judgement • The human effort than can be applied to the production of goods and services • The Process by which an economy achieves an outward shift in its production possibilities curve • ...

8 Clues: the rapid growth of populated cities • Farmland;land capable of growing crops • any natural resource that can be replenished over time • depletng the soil of nutrients without giving it time to regenerate • a natural resource that has a limited supply; once consumed can't be replaced • there aren't enough resources and goods to provide to people that desire them • ...

8 Clues: The amount of goods or services available to buy • The desire of consumers to buy a good or service • Tangible, or touchable, items that can be bought or sold • Any man made object needed to make a product or perform a service • The way goods and services are produced and distributed in a place • ...

8 Clues: when variables move in opposite directions • value around which maximum concentration of items occurs • positive square root of the mean of squared deviations from mean • method used as aggregayive method of constructing the consumer price index • positional value of variable which divides distribution into two equal parts • ...

8 Clues: fabric • materials • a type of wood • grown in fields • what sheep grow • a mineral for bowl carving • a principle in bronze to make weapons • metal for decorative purposes and practical

8 Clues: Money you earn. • Money you spend. • Things that are produced. • Things that people do for us. • A plan for managing your money. • Money you have left after paying expenses. • Money that you borrow from someone or a bank. • Money you lose when you have to spend more than you earn.

8 Clues: Basics that are needed to survive. • This is the title for anything that uses products produced. • When a resource is rare and does not have much in supply/stock. • This means that a product has a high consumer rate and is wanted. • Things not a priority for base survival (excluding mental health). • ...

8 Clues: A fixed list of items, in given proportions • Knowledge, skills, and health, people invest in • The governing body of a nation, state, or community • A series of cycles of economic expansion and contraction • Inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market • A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money • ...

8 Clues: scarce economic resource • excess quantity demanded in market • demand decrease when income increases • demand increases when income increases • the higher the price the lower the demand • demands for goods and services exceeds the supply • the higher the price the higher the quantity demanded • ability of an object to resume its normal shape after being stretched

8 Clues: Someone who works for free • work Work you do for free • Someone who works 38 hours a week • The money you receive for working • The government take this from your pay • work Work you do in return for money • Someone who works only a few days a week • Someone who is available to work small hours like a student

8 Clues: gross-net • net indirect taxes+ subsidies • national income is a .... concept • net national product at factor cost • not affected by change in price level from the base year • electricity used by a firm during production is an ....good • Money value of all final goods & services produced in a country in a year,measured at current year price. • ...

8 Clues: contraction • revival phase • free market form • government ownership • upward trend in price level • major cause of business cycle • controlling government expenditure • alternating forces of expansion and contraction

10 Clues: The C in LCA • First name of ENP's 'lion' • Environmental Policy and ... • ETE's building is now called ... • Our latest sponsor debate is about ... • Ew this coffee sucks! it's better at ... • The Weekendcie recently organized a trip to ... • Head of our study (has a well-known sister too) • An aktief slipper that's now part of the AID board • ...

10 Clues: Kandinsky's wife's name • Where Kandinsky was born • Where Wassily died in this country • Improvisation 31 was this on canvas • The month Kandinsky was born and died • Another title for Improvisation No. 30 • The name of the school the Nazis closed • Kendinsky has a very special gift called... • In 1886 Kandinsky studied this and economics in Moscow • ...

10 Clues: things provided by humans • things that you need to survive • being in short supply of something • materials or things that people make • people living together in a community • someone that purchases goods and services • material or substances provided by nature • things that you desire but can survive without them • how producers produce goods and services for consumers • ...

10 Clues: gifts of nature • something you can grasp • limited resources or supplies • a basic requirement for survival • something we would simply like to have • everything given up for the choice you make • the way people deal with scarcity; budgeting • the tools, equipment, machinery, and factories used • people with all their efforts, abilities, and skills • ...

10 Clues: gifts of nature • something you can grasp • limited resources or supplies • a basic requirement for survival • something we would simply like to have • everything given up for the choice you make • the way people deal with scarcity; budgeting • the tools, equipment, machinery, and factories used • people with all their efforts, abilities, and skills • ...

10 Clues: etutitsbus rof drow rehtona • supply and demand are _________ • graph that plots the demand scedule • microeconomics are economics on a _____ • what economists forcast will happen next • amount of a product available to be bought • economy run by companies, people, and producers • the _____ is that when price goes up demand goes down • ...

10 Clues: Where she was born • What her first job was • The currency she was on • the movement she fought for • What she fought to let women do • What she tried to free people from • What she tried to end economics wise • Susan went here for voting as a women • What she fought to let women take part of. • What role did she play in the National American woman suffrage association.

10 Clues: Topic of week nine • Topic of week four • Topic of week thirteen • You will write two short ______ • The format of the papers must be in • All weekly assignments are due at ____ • Every week there will be a _______ quiz • You are ____ able to makeup late discussion posts. • Weekly text readings are the ______ of the course material. • ...

10 Clues: The work that someone does • A person who buys a product • The study of how we use money • When a product is hard to find • When a product is easy to find • A business that makes a product. • Someone who works for an employer • The amount of things thats exists • Someone who takes a risk to start a business • Limited amount of money that someone earns for their work

8 Clues: efficiency of production • putting money into a business • government intervention in a market • system meant to regulate the economy • new inventions to improve production • ability to create new technology for economy • gross domestic product adjusted for price changes • total value of production within a country's borders in a given year

8 Clues: / Measure ingredients • / Name a dry ingredient • / Appliance that heats food • / Thinly slices ingredients • / A type of berry that is red • / Something you use on a stove • / Wet ingredient that is in a carton • / Wet ingredient that is yellow and has a shell

8 Clues: Crops grown for money • To ship things away to other countries • To bring in things from other countries • Land owned and managed by another country • Economic system where land/work is owned and managed by farms and small businesses • People who perform physical or mental work, also refers to talents and skills they have • ...

8 Clues: people of the workforce • one doesn’t have enough goods to meet demand • business that is jointly owned by two or more persons • point the optimum point in which the Demand and Supply curves meet • analysis a way of comparing the costs of an action to the benefits received • ...

8 Clues: What people earn from working • Purchasing goods from another country • Goods and services sold to other countries • Payments received by businesses from selling goods and services • All natural, human, and human-made aids to production of goods and services • The rise of prices caused by excessive levels of demand or spending is called • ...

8 Clues: Characteristics of Islam. • characteristic of shariah. • giving the donation and charity. • comprehension or true understanding • commercial transactions and property • Sell dates in exchange of not equivalent dates. • Submission to the Will of God and by obedience to His law. • ...

8 Clues: it is the consuming (using up) of items produced • it is buying other products from other countries • it makes their business more attractive than others • it is the process of making goods and services available to the consumers • it is made up of all the people who are interested a particular good or service • ...

8 Clues: a total ban on imports • the lack of a good or service • a good that can be created/grown • something that is required for life • something highly demanded in an economy • something used to buy goods or services • an item that can be bought with currency • someone who pays currency for a good or service

8 Clues: prices they are used in a base year • cycle fluctuations in economic activity • rider someone who does not pay to use a public good • budget government revenue equaling government expenditure • economy an economy that does not trade with other economies • deflator the price index of all domestically produced goods and services • ...

8 Clues: an item you can buy • someone that buys items • someone that sells items • someone that rents a property • someone that rents out their property • something someone does for you for money • someone that gets payed for their skills • someone that employs someone for their skills

8 Clues: something that is desired • all naturally occurring resources • the next best alternative forgone • goods and services produced by the factors of production • a product which does not require any resources to make it • any physical or mental efforts made by a human to help reduce goods and services • ...

8 Clues: The concept of making choices based on comparisons rather than absolute values. • A type of error where we overestimate our ability to make rational choices. (Two words) • The idea that people’s choices are influenced by how information is presented. (Two words) • The principle that people prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. (Two words) • ...

8 Clues: cost • rate • rates • chain • growth • demand • structures • and services

8 Clues: basic value • lowest possible or acceptable • desire for a particular good or service • study of how people meet their wants and needs • cost of what you have to give up when making a choice • amount of a good or service that is available for use • person or business that makes and sells goods or services • person or business that buys, or consumes, goods or services

8 Clues: Used Iron to make weapons. • Iron came easy to China because they were rich • Iron A machine that m ade most iron products. • This was one thing used in their economy that involved farming. • These were built to trade in China and it's what cars drive on. • This was a waterway that allowed boats to travel on. It was also built to Trade. • ...

7 Clues: "Science of living organisms." • "Study of Earth's lands and places." • "Record of past events and stories." • "Deals with money, jobs, and markets." • "Organizing and leading a group of people." • "Examines human society and relationships." • "Explores questions about life and meaning."

12 Clues: what you give up to get something else • Temporary low supply of goods or services • the cost of obtaining one more of an item. • the benefit of purchasing one more of an item. • resources needed to produce goods and services. • a state of limited resources faced by unlimited wants • ...

12 Clues: Required for survival • Desired for satisfaction • Land, capital, labor, and entrepreneurs • What motivates you to make you want to do something • The condition where unlimited human wants face limited resources • The alternative choices people face in making economic decisions • Workers who apply their effor, abilities, and skills to production • ...

12 Clues: work done for people • the need or want for a good • items that people buy or sell • things people must have to live • things people would like to have • the amount of goods available to be sold • a person who buys or uses goods or services • a person who makes goods or services to sell • the government decides what goods and services can be sold • ...

12 Clues: of necessity. • work, especially hard physical work. • state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. • have a desire to possess or do (something); wish for. • the process of discovering new ways of combining resources. • cash or liquid assets being held or obtained for expenditures. • the resource that encompasses the natural resources used in production. • ...

12 Clues: Section B is... • Section A is... • MPC - P stands for... • Third assessment criteria • First assessment criteria • Second assessment criteria • Fourth assessment criteria • First word of the paper 1 title • Number of questions in section A • Number of sections in paper 1 and 2 • Number of marks for section A questions • Number of marks allocated to the essay question

12 Clues: can be either a "want" or a "need" • food, clothes, and a home are examples • saving this improves financial well-being • money you receive from work or investments • by saving for college, we do this (4 words) • by saving, we can pay for these type of events • by saving, we can ______ how to spend our money • a cell phone, video games, and DVDs are examples • ...

12 Clues: What is desired. • Items that can be purchased. • What is necessary for survival. • The work performed by employees in a business • Capital The experience or education of an employee. • Natural resources used to produce a good or service. • The materials, or supplies needed to operate a business. • The actions or activities that one person performs for another. • ...

12 Clues: tangible • intangible • Extra left over • maximaztion maximising profit • a desire for goods and services • The human contribution to production • All natural resources used in production • The amount of money a firm receives from selling goods • A person/company/country that supplies goods and services • ...

12 Clues: a country's environment • things that you don't need • trading without using money • when countries come together • things that you can't live without • mixed economy 79% free 11% command • has a mixed economy 59% free and 41% • mixed economy 73% free and 27% command • the exchange of goods is done through bartering • ...

12 Clues: Earnings received for work • Decisions made or a course of action • Objects that can satisfy people's wants • Activities that can satisfy peoples wants • Things a person plans to achieve in the future • A plan for managing income, saving and spending • Things that are favorable to the decision-maker • Putting aside income or gift money for future use • ...

12 Clues: possibilities frontier • land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. • a lack of something requisite, desirable, or useful • a thing that motivates or encourages one to do something. • to feel a need or a desire for or wish for always wanting something new. to wish, need, crave, demand, or desire. • ...

12 Clues: The monetary value of a product. • A fuel created from living materials. • The lowest legal price that can be paid for a product. • System of allocating goods and services without prices. • Price where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. • The highest legal price that can be charged for a product. • ...

12 Clues: a way to encourage people to take a certain action. • an established minimum price that buyers must pay for a good or service. • when there is an imbalance between quantity demand and quantity supplied. • an established maximum price that sellers may charge for a good or service. • the minimum legal price that an employer may pay a worker for one hour of work. • ...

12 Clues: Trade is a _______ for specialisation. • Most basic economic problems are solved • customs and traditions in a _______ economy. • In a market economy, resources are mainly owned by private _______. • In a _______ economy, economic decisions are mainly made by the government. • The distribution of goods are mainly guided by market _______ in a market economy. • ...

15 Clues: what is Russia's economy. • what is Germany's economy. • what is the United Kingdoms economy. • the resources and wealth of a country • something you need to live or survive. • the role of the government in the economy. • this sytem has more than one economy in it. • something you want but dont necessarily need. • ...

12 Clues: asserts that buyers will seek fewer goods at a higher price. • not elastic, lacking in resilience or flexibility, and unyielding • An increase in the cost of goods or services causes their supply to rise. • a tax imposed by law at the time of purchase on certain products or services • ...

12 Clues: Who is in charge and why • Moving and obtaining resources • How people organize themselves and form groups • Which source of power uses large amounts of people to obtain one goal? • Which economic system uses free enterprise to determine economic activity? • Which economic system uses habit and custom to determine economic activity? • ...

12 Clues: People's buying behavior • Canada's main shared value • goods and services tax (5%) • quality of life is _____________ • United States' main shared value • where goods and services are sold illegally • when one company owns the market (ex./ Disney) • designed to ensure that the basic needs of a population are met • ...

12 Clues: 2 • 6 • 1 • 10 • offs 4 • cost 3 • effect 7 • market 11 • remorse 5 • economy 12 • vs butter 9 • possibilities frontier 8

12 Clues: A reward or punishment that influences people's choices • A situation in which more of one thing means less of another • The next best alternative that is given up when making a decision • The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made • The limited nature of society’s resources compared to unlimited wants • ...

12 Clues: Import of machinery is recorded under this account. • A situation where foreign exchange outflow exceeds inflow • Non-tax revenue earned from PSUs and government enterprises. • The reserve held by RBI in foreign currencies, SDRs, and gold. • The situation when imports of goods and services exceed exports. • ...

12 Clues: Distribution of goods • Change in total cost paid for one more unit • Change in total benefit received from one more unit • Efficiency with which goods and services are produced • The point where marginal benefit equals marginal costs • Act of willingly trading one item or service based on value • Result of people having unlimited wants and limited resources • ...

12 Clues: A tax imposed by a government on imported goods • A state of having a lot of money, possessions, and comfort • The large-scale production of goods using labor and machinery • A period of economic success and general well-being in a society • A period when an economy shrinks and business activity slows down. • ...

12 Clues: a place or system where buyers and sellers interact • creating new ideas, products that add value to a business • moral principles that guide responsible business behaviour • an individual who takes risks to create and manage a business • the financial gain after costs have been deducted from revenue • ...

7 Clues: belief in one god or God • Passed down from parents • unbending or stays the same • The belief in many gods and goddesses • having a lot of something or resources • People living together sharing resources • Geography religion accomplishments political Economics social

8 Clues: A person who consumes different goods and services • Manufactured items used to produce goods and services • - People who use resources to produce goods and services • A sustained and continuous increase in the general price level • Products that can replace one another such as butter and margarine • ...

8 Clues: it is buying other products from other countries • it is the consuming (using up) of items produced • it makes their business more attractive than others • it is the process of making goods and services available to the consumers • it is made up of all the people who are interested a particular good or service • ...

9 Clues: IT IS THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MEDIAN. • IT IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY OBSERVED DATA VALUE. • IT IS THE STUDY OF MAN IN THE ORDINARY BUSINESS OF LIFE. • IT IS DEFINED AS NUMERICAL FACTS SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECTED. • IT IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY OF MAN IN THE ORDINARY BUSINESS LIFE. • IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGHEST AND THE LOWEST OBSERVATION. • ...

8 Clues: / Used to weigh things • flour / A type of flour • cup / A measuring utensil • Stitch / A sewing technique • / Used to mix wet ingredients • / Line used to sew fabrics together • / Flexible material made of different fibers • / A type of textile made by compressing cotton

8 Clues: / Measure ingredients • / Name a dry ingredient • / Appliance that heats food • / Thinly slices ingredients • / A type of berry that is red • / Something you use on a stove • / Wet ingredient that is in a carton • / Wet ingredient that is yellow and has a shell

8 Clues: Combination of two or more companies • Removing government restrictions to restore competition • A market structure dominated by a small number of sellers. • Huge corporation involved in four or more unrelated industries • A market structure in which a single seller controls an entire industry. • ...

8 Clues: short supply • trading materials • and Demand amount of a product available and the desire of the buyer to purchase it • the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in producing something • Enterprise an economic system in which private businesses operate in competition and large free of state control • ...

8 Clues: clay model. • river in egypt • area in Haryana • storage of grains. • more than required. • fortified crenellated walls. • occupation of Harappan people. • better infrastructure and facilities

8 Clues: - things you need. • - things you don't need. • - a ban or forbid on trade • - items that consumers purchase. • - someone who creates goods and services. • - a person who purchases goods and services. • - a system of money used in a certain country. • - little to no availability in goods or services.

8 Clues: Income from working • Amount subtracted from paycheck • A tax Paid by the giver of gifts • A tax on the value of real estate • Electronically deposit your check • Good Goods provided by government • Program that provides medical benefits • Reduces the amount of taxes from your paycheck

8 Clues: Amounts that are subtracted from your paycheck. • Goods and services provided by the government that benefit everyone • The total amount of money earned before deductions or taxes are taken • Government program that provides medical benefits to individuals at age 65. • A person who is financially supported for tax purposes or insurance purposes. • ...

8 Clues: MARKET ECONOMY Also known as capitalism • It is caused by non-price determinants or factors. • to resources that can be attributed to the land or the sea. • Goods that are demanded or consumed in place of another good • OF SUPPLY states that as price increases, quantity supplied increases • QUANTITY is the quantity demanded and quantity supplied at equilibrium • ...

8 Clues: Giving • In need • Money in • To buy things • Similar product • With less materials • Owned things of value • Two people with different things to give

9 Clues: The tax paid on imported goods. • What shape is a population structure shown as? • The flow of goods or services out of a country. • When a business or country focuses in one area. • rate The number of babies born per 1000 people. • This type of exchange rate is managed by a government. • When the balance of trade has more exports than imports. • ...

8 Clues: Something essential. • Something not essential. • Someone who creates goods. • Someone who purchases goods. • When you are in short supply. • Money received after a service. • A source of materials used to create goods. • Doing work for someone or a group of people.

8 Clues: MPL/Wage = MPK/Rent • The extra revenue earned by hiring an extra worker • Wages that exceed the market equilibrium wage rate • The additional cost of employing an additional unit of a factor of production called • The explicit or implicit cost of using a unit of an asset for a given period of time. • ...