opposites Crossword Puzzles

Across

2. (Two words) - A utopian socialist. During the depression, he did not lay off any of his workers and he showed that there is no excuse for bad working conditions and low wages. He believed that the main way to improve society was to improve their environment. This could happen by providing more opportunities for schooling, housing, hospitals, as well as child-care.
4. (Two words) - Canada has this service universal and publicly funded, making it free, or almost free to all. In other places such as the states, this service is private, and therefore very expensive, resulting in a decline in people's health and willingness to seek medical help when needed.
5. (Two words) - This problem arose in 2008. Banks had been lending money to encourage investing and spending on houses, this was because of the vast amount of jobs that would result from building more houses. The banks were failing to look into employment status, credit history and income levels before offering these huge loans which resulted in rising interest rates and eventually falling housing prices. All together this led to a large increase in mortgage foreclosures.
6. (Two words) - When a government begins to pay out more money than they are getting back. This is typically only used as a means of getting an economy out of a recession. It tends to involve things such as a general increase in government spending to allow for higher job creation, but it also can occur in the form of handouts and benefits such as the CERB fund for the current pandemic. If the government were to continue giving out this fund to the point where they are not collecting an overage in tax revenue, the government is forced to take out loans. This increases the country's overall debt amount.
9. (Three words) - An economic system revolving around supply and demand in which there is very little to no government control. Often, this goes hand in hand with capitalism, although they are not exactly the same.
15. (Two words) - This motivating factor of capitalism was first developed by Adam Smith. This selfish motivation will promote a better society as others will work harder. For example, when the common person notices that the Rich spend money on luxurious yachts, cars, and homes it motivates the common person to work harder to achieve a better lifestyle.
17. (Two words) - A deal that was introduced after the 1932 election by the new president. It was made up of a series of programs and policies made to try and get the country out of it’s depression. It involved providing the American people with a regained trust and confidence in both their economic and political systems. The three main measures introduced with this act to help deal with the depression were; relief, recovery & reform.
18. (Three words) - An idea brought about by Milton Friedman. It involved the theory that having the wealthy keep their wealth by having lower taxes, would cause a domino effect throughout the economy and overall help everyone. This was championed by Ronald Reagan and Margeret Thatcher in the 80s. It fell under the idea of Supply-Side Economics.
20. - Typically, inflation occurs when an economy is booming. However, sometimes it may happen when the economy is in a bust, or just at a standstill. This term is used to describe when the inflation is going up, but the economy is not going up with it, it's stagnated. This occurrence can lead to large economic issues that are hard to come back from as people are buying even less than usual to begin with, and yet inflation is still increasing.
21. (Two words) - Falls under Supply-Side Economics, and supported by politicians such as Milton Friedman. It involved the lowering of interest rates so that citizens would continue to borrow more from banks, and therefore spending more.
22. (Two words) - a statement that states all problems are in some way connected to the supply of money. This states that the ways to fix problems within inflation and deflation are opposites; Raise interest rates vs. Lower interest rates, Decrease government spending vs. increase government spending.
23. - Occurs when the business cycle begins to retract. Often this is caused when consumer spending begins to decrease. It has the potential to lead to or result in a depression.
24. - An increased role of government with the end goal of making life generally better for the common person. These people came mostly from the educated and middle class, they wanted to ‘fix’ politics. To increase people's general everyday life, they wanted to increase democracy, and therefore involve citizens more directly within the government decision making.
25. (Three words) - This was a time that came right after a large boom in the 19th century. The biggest problem that led to this time was the Wall Street Crash of 1929, when wall street ‘overheated’ while also dealing with accusations of corruption and insider-trading. This time was also a result of very high wealth inequalities where 40% of the population was living below the poverty line, and the top 5% were earning 33% of the country's overall income. Millions of Canadians and Americans were left with no options of work, and businesses began to struggle to stay afloat.

Down

1. (Two words) - These people believed in an unrealistic perfect economy and world. Included were; Robert Owen, Charles Fourier.
3. (Three words) - A fund created by Premier Peter Lougheed in 1976. The three main goals were to save for the future, strengthen & diversify the economy, and improve the Albertan quality of life. In 2006, each Albertain received a cheque of $400 as a result of this fund.
7. - The reduction or complete removal of government power, within a specific industry. This is used to help improve competition, but it can also help create higher efficiency and lower costs.
8. (Two words) - This man believed in supply side economics - his own form being known as “Reaganomics”. He advocated for tax reductions, and decreases in government spending.
10. - The last name of the man who wrote The Communist Manifesto, he believed in everybody being equal. To do this required the government to provide everyone with their basic needs such as food, shelter, and help for their physical and mental needs. It was also a goal to abolish all private property, profit motive as well as crime. He wanted to create a society in which everyone was equal no matter where they came from.
11. (Two words) - This policy was in effect as a means of helping an economy get out of a depression. It involved lower taxation so that people have more spending money available to them, as well as an increase in government spending. Government spending was beneficial in this case as they would start large-scale projects or build infrastructure, which would provide more people with jobs and therefore more people with spending money.
12. (Two words) - This man was a counter to Keynes, as he supported supply side economics. His basic principles involved taxing and subsidizing. His theory was in classical liberalism and trusted in the invisible hand to prevent and solve economic cycles.
13. - This term refers to something we have been experiencing recently with the Covid-19 pandemic. It often results in a bust in the economy as citizens are without money to spend, and are therefore saving as much as they can and only buying the absolute essentials. As a means to temporarily protect the economy while these rates are increasing, government’s will often put out some type of relief fund (such as CERB) or stimulus cheques.
14. (Three words) - The creator of Alphabet Agencies and the New Deal. He believed that people needed confidence in both their economic and political systems and therefore he added in a series of measures to try and keep people on his side. These included; abolishing Prohibition, Bank Holidays, Removing America from the Gold Standard, etc. He also did not believe in handouts form the government, he wanted people to earn their sense of worth. He served as the president of the United States up until his death in 1945.
16. (Two words) - Set up by FDR, these things were named as a group based on their shortened acronyms. Included are things such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps.
19. - Used specifically in 2008 in terms of the Subprime Crisis. The Big Three; Ford, Chrysler and GM requested these from the government in order to keep their companies afloat and up to par with competition.

Across

2. This word has a specific meaning in Art. It is one of the formal elements. It refers to the three-dimensional aspects of objects (i.e. height, width and depth). In images form makes objects appear to be realistic solids, even though they are in fact two-dimensional. Form can also be used in the general sense of “giving form” to ideas, in other words, making concepts concrete. (Do not confuse with “forms” as defined below)
5. A discipline in art. The action or skill of using paint, either in a picture or as decoration.
8. point The point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge. The point at which something that has been decreasing disappears altogether.
9. Lines, planes or surfaces existing side by side and having the same distance continuously between them. Parallel lines play an important role in hatching and cross-hatching – and they never meet.
12. The area of a picture which appears to be at the front of the pictorial space (i.e. nearest the viewer).
13. One of the formal elements. The trace of a point which describes the meeting of planes at an edge, or the division between light and dark. Think in terms of silhouettes or contours. Hatched lines can suggest tone and form, thus, describing a plane or curves. There are many different types of lines. Thus, it is important to comment on the nature, direction, width and length of lines.
15. A sloping/slanting straight line (i.e. it is not horizontal or vertical). Sometimes a diagonal line joins up two opposite corners of a square or other flat shape.
16. Having or appearing to have three dimensions: length, breadth and depth.
20. One of the formal elements. It refers to what the eyes see when light is reflected off an object. Intensity (also called saturation), temperature (i.e. warm or cold) and contrast (tonal colour variation) are three properties of colour.
21. An imaginary line running through a form or composition around which elements are arranged.
24. of reading The sequential flow of the writing system of a particular language (e.g. in the Western world it is left to right). In pictorial terms this refers to where artists want viewers to look first, next and so on. Said differently, which visual elements have the artists applied in order to direct viewers around their artwork (ideally again and again)?
26. Monoprinting is a form of printmaking which contains lines, shapes and/or images which can only be produced once. This stands in sharp contrast to most other types of printmaking which allow for multiple originals. There are many different monoprinting techniques. It is particularly useful if wishing to work with spontaneous and expressive mark-making.
28. A detail is a minor point or aspect of something, as opposed to the central ones.
31. A photograph or picture developed or executed in black and white – or in varying tones of only one colour.
32. Cross-hatching is an extension of hatching, which uses fine parallel lines drawn closely together to create tonal/shading effects in a drawing. When sets of parallel lines are placed closely together at an angle (i.e. so they intersect), it is called cross-hatching.
33. One of the formal elements. The visual/tactile surface characteristics and the appearance of something (i.e. an element which refers to the way something looks/feels. It can be actual or implied).
34. A discipline in art. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking refers to the process of creating prints which have an element of originality, rather than simply photographic prints/reproductions.
35. A method of creating a picture by sticking different materials (e.g. photographs, news cuttings, fabrics and papers) onto a flat surface.
36. One of the formal elements. It has two-dimensions: height and width. An area with a defined or implied boundary. It is often described in terms of two basic groups: geometric and organic.
39. The formation of or division into triangles. A compositional approach/tool which artists can use to direct viewers around a pictorial arrangement of shapes – capturing their attention for longer.
41. of thirds Imagine a composition divided into thirds – these lines become the most significant points at which to place key elements/shapes.
42. Shading is used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on paper by applying media lightly/densely. When applied constructively within outlines – it suggests three-dimensionality.
44. An art discipline. Photography is the art, application and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by the means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.
45. The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.
47. The message the artwork communicates. The content can refer to a specific genre, theme, subject matter, idea, message or emotion.
49. In art-making, the broad, generalised categories of creative endeavours such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, photography and mixed media. (Sometimes also referred to as Art disciplines)
51. A discipline in art. Sculpture is traditionally a three-dimensional form of art. The main methods include carving, modelling, casting and constructing.
52. Hatching is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines.

Down

1. line Horizon lines are important in art. They run across the paper or canvas to represent the viewer’s eye level or they delineate/indicate where the sky meets the ground.
3. The relative size of an object. When proportional relationships are created relative to a specific unit of measurement.
4. Perspective is used artists to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface (i.e. depth).
6. spaces Spaces surrounding shapes or forms in two- and three-dimensional art.
7. media A discipline in art. Artworks which include a variety of media (i.e. more than one type of material).
10. ground The area between the foreground and the background in a picture.
11. A term describing the part of a picture which appears to be behind the central area of attention.
14. Having or appearing to have two dimensions: length and breadth. In other words, it is flat (i.e. not three-dimensional).
17. At right angles to a horizontal plane; in a direction, or having an alignment, such that the top is directly above the bottom (e.g. a vertical axis).
18. Parallel to the plane of the horizon; at right angles to the vertical.
19. One of the formal elements. The amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container.
22. A dark area or shape produced by a body/object coming between rays of light and a surface.
23. elements The formal elements in art refer to the key/tangible/physical aspects which make up an artwork (e.g. line, shape, tone, texture, colour, pattern, form, volume, space etc.)
24. A discipline in art. A picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, crayon or other dry material rather than paint.
25. A form of art containing a raised surface/shallow relief.
27. One of the formal elements. A pattern is a regular arrangement of lines, shapes and colours e.g. a design in which the same lines, shapes and colours are repeated at regular intervals over a surface.
29. colours The three pairs of opposites on the colour wheel are described as complementary. These are orange/blue, red/green and purple/yellow. When placed against each other they contrast and enhance, so red seems redder when placed next to green. Said differently, they make each other stand out.
30. Lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.
31. This is a term used by artists to describe the character of graphic effects in both drawing and painting.
35. A principle of art which explores differences between visual elements in order to create variety, emphasis or interest. Tonal contrast refers to the value, that is, the difference between light and dark. Tonal colour contrast refers to the difference between the lightest and darkest colours.
37. of shapes The arrangement of sculptural elements within a three-dimensional context (i.e. The relationship of the forms to each other and the surrounding space). The equivalent to composition in a two-dimensional context.
38. The arrangement of shapes within a picture plane/two-dimensional surface (e.g. on a painting or drawing). Can be regarded as one of the formal elements.
40. matter The subject represented in a work of art.
43. How far back the image appears to recede from the surface of the picture (the picture plane). The illusion of three-dimensional space created on a two-dimensional surface.
46. shapes Shapes or forms in two-dimensional and three-dimensional art.
48. One of the formal elements. A term denoting the particular quality of brightness, deepness, or shade of a colour.
50. One of the formal elements. The three-dimensional expanse/area in which objects are located (e.g. between, around, above, below and within objects).

Across

1. a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact.
3. A practical lesson about right and wrong
7. A listing of words with synonyms and antonyms
10. comparison using like or as. Clue: You "smile" when you see someone you like." Example: The car was as cold as ice.
11. person point of view Told from the viewpoint of one of the characters using the pronouns "I" and We"
13. the struggle or problem in the story that a character must resolve
14. This unreliable information is a technique used to mislead the reader. (
15. the person who is telling the story; the speaker
16. Writing that is factual, not creative or fictional.
20. the dictionary meaning (remember the D is for dictionary)
21. language language that means more than what it says on the surface; not actual or literal meaning
23. term in persuasive text, a word or phrase that reveals the author's feelings and rouses the reader's emotions
24. fiction fiction that involves an event in history. Contains historical facts, events, or people, but is not true.
26. a conversation between characters set off by quotation marks (what character is saying)
27. Atmosphere created by the author's work (how it makes you feel--feeling created)
28. the reason the character says or does something
32. the smaller title that goes before a new section of the text.
33. to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented (put clue together with your good brain)
37. to demonstrate that something is right; to defend with reasons
38. finding a solution to a problem
39. a conversation between two persons
41. a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon
45. emotional meaning of a word--how it makes you feel (can be positive or negative--Example: he's a big guy OR he's SO fat!)
46. and contrast signal words include : like; unlike; but; in contrast; on the other hand; however; both; also; too; as well as; although; yet; nevertheless; as opposed to; whereas
48. action point in a story where the conflict begins to be resolved (things start to wind down and story comes to an end)
49. a word part that can be added at the beginning of a word to make a new word (Example: pregame)
53. idea what a piece of writing is mainly about--the BIG PICTURE - it's never one thing!
56. the story of a person's life written by that person in first person point of view
58. shows how two things are alike/different or how one is better than the other
60. when a portion of the story goes back in time
63. a comparison or two unlike things without using like or as (Example: Her eyes are blue jewels.)
66. The items on the stage that the actors use. They give clues about the setting of the play.
67. action the bulk of a story, during which the character works to resolve the problem (conflict starts to happen and action rises)
70. brief statement of the main events of a story (BME-beginning, middle, end)
71. small text found near a picture that provides important information about the picture
73. Who the piece of text was originally written for. Example: in a letter, look at who the letter is addressed to (Dear Mom,)
74. assumption the fallacy of an idea or a principle that is untrue (Example: holding frogs give people warts)
76. to make a brief statement of the main events of a story. It has to have the beginning, middle and end. It should be precise (accurate) and concise (to the point).
78. a character trait used to describe someone who feels good about him/herself.
82. to influence
83. of view the perspective from which a story is told
85. scheme the pattern of rhyme in a poem (ex. ABAB)
87. details words and details that appeal to a reader's senses (sight, touch, taste, hearing, smell, emotion)
89. a succinct statement of a philosophy or principle; often quoted (a penny saved is a penny earned)
90. similar to a sentence but in a poem
92. The reason why something happens
93. influencing strongly
95. where and when the story takes place

Down

2. rhyme when two words rhyme in the same line of poetry
4. connected
5. the events that make up a story (sequence of events - introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution)
6. when two things/people have something in common
8. Sometimes authors overstate the facts leading to a false of importance. (We will all be doomed if we don't take a stand now!) (This is a one-time offer. You can't get this price after today.) Key words: always, never, everyone
9. a beginning or coming into being
12. the turning point in the action of a story--the problem is solved (highest point of action)
13. an exaggerated, overly simplified version of an opposing point of view (features of a person enlarged--frequently used in cartoons--Example: President Obama with large ears or huge teeth)
17. the use of words that represent sounds "Pow", "Bang"
18. a character trait used to describe someone who doesn't give up easily.
19. Where information comes from.
22. the repetition of consonant SOUNDS at the beginning of words. For example, Sally sells seashells by the sea shore.
25. a word part that can be added at the end of a word to make up a new word (Example: swimming)
29. giving human qualities to non-human things (Example: the wind whistled)
30. the beginning of the story--introduces the setting, characters, and the problem
31. To feel excited and nervous at the same time.
32. the following of one thing after another
33. Drawings or photographs that help explain the text
34. question a question that suggests the desired answer or tries to make the audience think in a particular way (What do you think about the horrible effects of slavery?)
35. similar to a paragraph but in a poem
36. conclusions combining several pieces of information to make an inference--to use details, facts, and evidence from a text to come to a new understanding about a topic or idea (infer, inference)
40. the various methods of communicating information
42. order in the time order in which events happened (sequence or time order)
43. The use of clues to suggest events that will happen later in the plot
44. true
47. text This type of text informs or instructs the reader. It is nonfiction.
50. used to convince or persuade the reader of the writer's point of view
51. a fictional tale that explains the actions of gods or the causes of natural phenomena
52. elaborate exaggeration (Example: I'm so hungry I could eat a horse OR I walked a million miles.)
54. A drawing that shows or explains something...usually includes labels and captions.
55. place assertion a statement that many people assume to be true, though it may or may not actually be true (Example: crop circles are created by aliens)
57. to summarize part of or all of a text you read in your own words
59. strengthen and support
61. and solution signal words include: therefore; consequently; so; this led to; as a result; because; if...then; since; so that; thus; for this reason;
62. the outcome of an experiment or problem
64. words that are similar (pretty and beautiful)
65. a story written to be performed by actors; a play
68. a collection of word pictures that appeal to the reader's senses; uses devices such as metaphor, simile, etc.
69. claim a statement that can be verified, independently and objectively with facts, personal observations, reliable sources, or an expert's findings (may use a statistic or number--there was a 20 percent increase in enrollment this year at our school)
72. The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life (life lesson)
75. a set of letters attached to the beginning or the end of a root word that changes the word's meaning
77. purpose The reason an author writes the text--to persuade, inform, explain and entertain
79. an expression with a meaning different from the literal meaning of the individual words (It's raining cats and dogs!)
80. person limited point of view the narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings of only one character
81. directions Instructions given to the actors so they know how to act and the tone of voice to use. These are used in dramas.
84. Author's attitude toward his subject - can be positive, negative, or neutral
86. words that are opposites (happy and sad)
88. clues Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word (look above, in, below, and all around the text of the unfamiliar word)
89. a word relationship that compares two dissimilar things (pen : writer :: hammer : carpenter (make a bridge sentence with the first set--a pen is used by a writer just like a hammer is used by a carpenter)
91. and effect
94. features the parts of a text that stand out (diagram, table of contents, index, etc)

Across

1. data that clusters (closely grouped) along a line (2 words)
4. the point where a line crosses the y-axis
8. graphs that use points to display numerical data with two variables or bi-variate data – helps to determine if there are trends , patterns, or association between the variables
9. angles inside of a polygon formed by the sides of the polygon
11. angles inside the parallel lines and on same sides of the transversal – they are supplementary (3 words)
13. scatterplot association when the change in data set has no effect on the second data set (2 words)
15. orientation of the _____ refers to the order in which they are labeled, clockwise or counterclockwise
17. describes the horizontal change on a graph
18. the amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object
23. describes the vertical change on a graph
24. describes a function whose graph does not form a straight line
26. a three-dimensional figure with one vertex and one circular base
28. describes a slope that increases from left to right
29. any number with a square root that is a whole number (2 words)
30. geometric figures that have the same shape but not the same size (2 words)
32. the set of whole numbers and their opposites
33. inverse operation of cubing a number and “undoes” and exponent of 3 (2 words)
35. a mathematical symbol that denotes the root of a number – the most commonly used is the square root, but can include any root like the cube root, fourth root, etc
38. transformation of a figure that moves every point of a figure the same direction and the same distance without changing its orientation – can move left/right and up/down – also thought of as a slide
39. in a right triangle, the two sides adjacent to the right angle
43. transformation of a figure that turns an image around a fixed point and results in a congruent figure – can move clockwise or counterclockwise
44. original figure to be transformed by translation, reflection, rotation, or dilation
48. angles outside the parallel lines and on opposite sides of the transversal – they are congruent (2 words)
49. slope-intercept form, or y=mx+b is one way to write the equation of a _____ relationship
50. the set of all positive counting numbers (numbers on a number line starting with 1) (2 words)
51. decimal that keeps going with a pattern of digits repeating infinitely
52. the x-coordinate in a relationship
55. the point where the x-axis and y-axis of a coordinate plane intersect – the coordinate is (0, 0)
57. includes all the numbers that can be found on the number line - includes both rational and irrational numbers (2 words)
60. a relationship or rule that assigns each input exactly one output
63. describes the slope of a vertical line
64. a transformation of a figure that either enlarges or reduces the size of an original figure by multiplying its dimensions by a scale factor – does NOT result in a congruent figure
65. a pair of geometric figures having the same size and shape
68. a ratio that describes the change in y-coordinates as compared to the change in x-coordinates – describes the steepness of a line formed from the graph of a linear relationship – also referred to as rate of change or constant of proportionality
70. a set of values that show an exact position (x, y) (2 words)
73. this type of solution occurs when two lines have different slopes and intersect at one single point – only one number can replace the variable to make both sides of the equation equal
74. in a right triangle, the side opposite from the right angle
75. orientation of the _____ refers to whether the pre-image and image are facing the same direction on the coordinate plane
77. a data point with a value significantly greater or less than most other values in the data
79. numbers that cannot be written as a simple fraction, decimals that are non-repeating/non-terminating, and square roots of non-perfect squares
80. scatterplot association when an increase in one data set results in an increase in the other data set – the variables change in the same direction (2 words)
81. the number in front of a variable
82. the y-coordinate in a relationship
83. angles that are on the same side of the transversal and on the same side of the parallel lines – they are congruent
84. decimal that stops or ends
85. this type of solution occurs when lines have the same slope and same y-intercept – any number can replace the variables to make both sides of the equation equal

Down

2. a set of two or more linear equations that have the same variables (3 words)
3. the distance from one point on a circle through the center to another point on the circle
5. tells us how the side lengths of right triangles are related – the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides (2 words)
6. the point where a line crosses the x-axis
7. half of a sphere
10. result of a change made to an object by translation, rotation, reflection, or dilation
11. a mathematical expression used to represent a really large or really small number as a number between one and ten raised to a specific power of ten (2 words)
12. y=mx+b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept (3 words)
14. property used to multiply each term outside of a parentheses by the terms inside the parentheses (2 words) …ex. a(b + c) becomes ab + ac
16. the distance around a circle
19. a number that has a whole number as its cube root (2 words)
20. angles outside the parallel lines and on same sides of the transversal – they are supplementary (3 words)
21. a line segment that can be drawn from the center of a circle to any point on the circle
22. lines that intersect to form right angles
24. scatterplot association when an increase in one data set results in a decrease in the other data set – the variables change in opposite directions (2 words)
25. numbers that can be written as a fraction/ratio – includes terminating and repeating decimals, and square roots of perfect squares
27. describes the slope of a horizontal line
31. the set of all positive counting number starting with 0 (2 words)
34. a line that shows the general direction of a group of points on a graph – sometimes called the “trend line” (4 words)
36. type of function whose graph is a straight line
37. angles inside the parallel lines and on opposite sides of the transversal – they are congruent (2 words)
40. pair of adjacent angles formed by intersecting lines that add to 180 degrees (2 words)
41. a three-dimensional figure with two circular bases
42. a symbol written above and to the right of a mathematical expression to indicate the operation of raising to a power - refers to the number of times a number is multiplied by itself
45. the new figure that is formed from a pre-image after a transformation
46. a value, or values, we can put in place of a variable that makes the equation true
47. terms that have the same base (or variable) and the same exponent (or power) (2 words)
50. describes a slope that decreases from left to right
53. the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter (approx. 3.14)
54. a constant or a variable in an expression
56. data that does not cluster (closely grouped) around a line (2 words)
58. an inverse operation of squaring a number - “undoes” an exponent of 2 (2 words)
59. a form of writing equations, numbers, or expressions using a certain set of rules in the most common way (2 words)
61. pairs of opposite angles formed by intersecting lines – they do not share any sides – they are congruent
62. the point of intersection of two graphed equations – the ordered pair that makes both equations true
66. to reduce (an equation, fraction, etc) to a simpler form by cancellation of common factors or regrouping/combining like terms
67. a ratio of the length of one side of an image to the corresponding length of a pre-image – if it is greater than 1 it will enlarge a figure – if it is smaller than 1 it will reduce a figure (2 words)
69. a mathematical phrase that can contain numbers, variables, and operators (like addition and subtraction) – will not have an equal sign
71. this type of solution occurs when lines have the same slope and different y-intercepts; they will never intersect – no number can replace the variables to make both sides of the equation equal
72. transformation of a figure that flips a figure over a line in order to create a mirror image – each new point should be the same distance from the line on the opposite side – creates a congruent figure
76. mathematical statement consisting of an equal sign between two algebraic expressions that have the same value
78. a number that is raised to a power

Across

1. allows for communication between air cells of the mastoid and the epitympanic recess (3 words)
4. the ________ crus of the stapes is the wider, longer, and curvier crus
7. the portion of the temporal bone houses the sensory organs of hearing and balance
9. CN VII (2 words)
14. the deflection of the _____ at the base of the SCCs causes the hair cells to be sheared
17. this wall of the ME houses a semicanal the tensor tympani enters through, the Eustachian tube, and chorda tympani
18. the ________ vestibular nerve is made up of nerve fibers from the posterior SCC and Saccule
20. the loss of energy due to friction, not related to frequency
22. the vestibulocolic reflex is a ______ reflex as it assists in maintaining the head in horizontal gaze orientation relative to gravity but independent to trunk movement
23. the narrowest point of the EAC
26. small perforations in the osseous spiral lamina that allow nerve fibers to pass through
28. the auditory nerve is known as the auditory ______ because damage here can result in dysfunction at or beyond this point
29. the interaural timing difference occurs due to the difference in the _______ of a sound as it arrives at each ear
33. the medial wall of the ME is made up of the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal, oval window, _________ and round window
38. the _______ between the TM and oval window is the mechanism that accounts for 24.6 dB SPL (2 words)
40. the ossicular chain is _______ in the ME cavity by its attachment to the TM by the manubrium and to the oval window by the stapes footplate and by various tendons and ligaments
44. the tympanic annulus is a _________ ring that attaches the tympanic membrane to the tympanic sulcus
45. AN fibers with a ______ spontaneous firing rate respond to low intensities
48. a pure tone does not contain ________ making it optimal for testing specific points of the cochlea
51. the propeoreciptors in the muscles of the limbs, the eyes, and the vestibular system are the three ways we maintain _________
53. the chorda tympani nerve travels through the ME space through the posterior wall, between the ossicular chain to the anterior wall and deals with ________
54. low and moderate intensities cause the stapes to move along the _________ axis
55. the ET serves to equalize the less compressible air pressure in the middle ear with the _________
56. the rarefaction phase cause the BM to reflect ______ and leads to depolarization of hair cells
59. the left anterior SCC is paired with the right ______ SCC
60. the tympanic _______ is a groove in the bony wall of the EAC
62. the dynamic range of an AN fiber is it's threshold to it's point of ________
64. the middle ear muscles pull in essentially ______ directions stiffening the ossicular chain
65. spinning sensation caused by dysfunction in the vestibular system
66. air molecules oscillate and hit neighboring air molecules and _________ the energy to them
67. OHCs ______ in response to rarefaction
69. the pH of cerumen is ______
71. the SCCs are approximately ________ (90 degrees) from each other
74. the EAC first travels _____________ then posterosuperiorly and then _____________
76. the ________ plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior
78. the SOC is the first place in the auditory system where there is _______ representation of monaural acoustic input
79. the cartilaginous portion of the EAC is __________ as the epidermal lining moves outward (2 words)
81. the largest portion of the temporal bones that forms the superior wall of the EAC
83. the EAC gives a 10-15 dB _____ to frequencies between 3000-4000 Hz
84. OHCs are directly sheared because they are imbedded to the tectorial membrane and IHCs are imposed by the ______ of the endolymph flow imposed on them
90. the basilar membrane is shorter and more stiff at the _____
91. the inner layer of the TM is continuous with the ________ lining of the ME space
92. hair cells of the SCCs are located in the _______ ampullaris on the ampulla
93. the intertragal _____ (or incisure)is between the tragus and antitragus
95. the vestibulo-ocular reflex ________ our gaze when we are turning our heads- the eyes move opposite to head movement
97. bone that forms the framework of support and protection for the outer, middle, and inner ear as well as the 7th and 8th cranial nerve
99. CN V (2 words)
100. outer hair cell are embedded in this gelatinous flap that covers the length of the organ of corti (2 words)
101. the TM is attached to the tympanic ______ by the tympanic annulus
102. the _____ zone is the inner section of the BM that courses from the osseous spiral lamina to the outer pillar cells
103. the ________ foramen is the opening between the two crura of the stapes

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2. the products of the _______ glands and ceruminous glands combine to create cerumen
3. portion of the wave when molecules are close together
5. Low frequency sounds are more affected by the ________ of a system
6. the function of the _____ is to collect acoustic energy into the EAC, best at collecting frequencies 5000 and above
8. calcium carbon crystals that sit on top of the jelly like structure in the macula. they add mass and allow for the hair cells the be sheared.
10. ______ muscles are vestigial in humans meaning it serves no functional purpose
11. the ET courses to the posterior aspect of the nasopharynx in a inferior, ______, and anterior direction
12. _______ type I AN fibers innervate a single IHC
13. Claudian cells provide ________ to the basilar membrance
15. the endolymphatic duct regulates endolymphatic ______ to avoid the overproduction/under absorption of endolymph
16. the semicircular canals are arranged in pairs so that when one is excited the other is _______
19. the middle layer of the TM is made up of ______ fibers and circular fibers
21. the apex of the cochlea is oriented anteriorly and slightly laterally pointing towards the ________
24. The stria vascularis maintains endocochlear potential by ___________ endolymph
25. the combination and integration of information arriving from the two ears (at the SOC)
27. ______ membrane separates the scala vestibuli and scala media and keeps their fluids separate
30. in the posterior and superior canal the ________ is located on the canal side
31. allows the tendon of the stapedius muscle to enter through the posterior wall of the middle ear (2 words)
32. kinocilium of the saccule are oriented _____ from the striola
34. The EAC functions as a ________ resonator enhancing sounds four times its length (2 words)
35. the frequency that hair cells are most sensitive, meaning they respond at the lowest intensity, is known as the _________ frequency
36. the striola is the invisible _______ of the otolith organs
37. the _______ of the incus is a true ball and socket joint that articulates with the stapes (2 words)
39. the round window _______ the movement of the traveling wave
41. the short process of the ______ acts as a fulcrum to assist in the lever action of the ossicular chain
42. because the striola is ______ their will be a portion of the saccule and utricle that is excited and one portion that is inhibited
43. open ion channels when the stereocilia are deflected towards the tallest stereocilia
46. pitch, yaw, and roll are _____ motions that excite or inhibit different SCC
47. muscle innervated by the facial nerve
49. the upper shelf of the osseous spiral lamina is continuous with the _______ and serves as a point of attachment for the tectorial membrane (2 words)
50. the different _________ of the reticular lamina and tectorial membrane allows them to move relative to each other (2 words)
52. the bony portion of the ear canal is the ______ 2/3
57. the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with ______ which is high in sodium and low in potassium
58. the petrous pyramid divides the middle cranial ______ and posterior cranial ______
61. the tonotopic organization of the auditory nerve organizes low frequencies toward the ______
62. the tendon of the tensor tympani muscle enter the middle ear space through a _______ in the anterior wall
63. the tegmen tympani is a thin piece of bone that forms the _____ of the ME
68. explanation that AN fibers can only fire at a max. rate of 800 times per second so frequencies that are higher rely on multiple AN fibers to lock onto the same phase of multiple cycles (2 words)
70. _______ cells support outer hair cells as they sit in them
72. which window opens into the scala vestibuli?
73. the point at which the Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani communicate
75. the lateral process and cone of light reflex are located on the ______ side of the ear that is being observed
77. mass and stiffness reactances are opposites and the frequencies at which they cancel out is known as the ________ frequency
80. contains 3 important auditory structures (Heschl's gyrus, planum temporale, and insula) located deep within the posterior half of the sylvian fissure
81. Type I fibers are myelinated by _____ cells in Rosenthal's canal
82. the release of _____ causes the activation of of the AN across the synaptic cleft
85. the condyle of the ______ makes up the inferior-anterior wall of the EAC
86. _______ flow causes displacement toward the ampulla. the horizontal canal is excited by this flow
87. vestibular organ with a horizontal orientation and the kinocilium are oriented towards the striola
88. when sound travels from air to _______ there is a loss of intensity
89. contraction of the ________ veli palatini and the levator veli palatine causes the cartilaginous portion of the ET to open
94. _______ fibers are descending neurons that send signals from the nervous system to the cochlea, these mostly communicate with OHCs
96. the tunnel of corti is formed by the inner and outer ______ cells
98. the intermediate cells of the stria vascular contains ______

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2. (false beliefs that are inconsistent with reality but are held in spite of evidence that disconfirms them)
4. focus on changing the faulty behaviours people have learned: the words, thoughts, interpretations, and feedback that direct daily strategies for living
8. people actually experience physical problems such as motor deficits (poor balance/coordination, paralysis or weakness) or sensory deficits (loss of sensation to touch or pain, double vision, blindness, deafness) but no medical condition
12. money, social skills, knowledge, sense of being in control (even “illusion of control”) and social support
13. a person’s belief about whether s/he can successfully engage in and execute a specific behaviour; is specific to any given activity
14. (psychotherapy to reduce, remove or alter their troubling emotions, attitudes, behaviours or thoughts…cultural views differ)
20. attempts to limit the duration severity of a disorder once it has begun
21. (emotional state or condition that results when a goal –work, family, personal –is thwarted or blocked
22. Excessive emotionality and attention seeking, inappropriate sexual or seductive behaviour
23. the extent to which people are flexible and respond adaptively to external or internal demands
24. the perception an individual has of him/herself and of his/her relationships to other people and to various aspects of life
25. first must learn relaxation techniques –possibly Progressive Muscle Relaxation–then go through a schedule of exposure)
30. people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person (behaviour is not exaggerated or overly dramatic)
33. an individual has a history of many physical complaints beginning before age thirty
34. (religio-magical approach: believe supernatural agents, such as spirits, cause abnormal behaviour and emotional distress)
35. emotional state of imbalance (can range from total euphoria to total despair); prolonged
36. drive toward death (turned outwards aggression and turned inwards could lead to suicide)
39. have to choose between 2 equally distasteful alternatives or goals
40. (ending the practice of committing patients with many serious disorders to mental hospitals for long periods of time…made possible by new drug therapies introduced in 50s and 60s that allowed control over the symptoms of these disorders)
41. Lack of Desire to have social relationships, lack of emotionality in social situations
42. drive toward life (libido –instinctual and sexual) working on the pleasure principle, energizes the id)
43. operation that severs the nerve fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain with the diencephalon, especially those fibres of the thalamic and hypothalamic areas (developed by Egas Moniz, who is 1949 won a Nobel prize for this therapy)
48. an unconscious way of reducing anxiety by distorting perceptions of reality; they have several assumptions
50. limits the long-term impact of a psychological disorder by seeking to prevent a relapse
53. qualities that characterize our daily interactions
55. intense and irrational fears that can interfere with everyday activities (e.g., insects, animals, heights, etc.)
58. love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
64. have to choose an alternative or goal that has both attractive and repellant aspects
71. Instability and intensity in personal relationships, impulsivity,Personal relationships, impulsivity, particularly with respect to behaviours that include self-harm
72. a person’s diminished ability to deal with demanding life events
73. are sociable, impulsive, enjoy new experiences and new people
75. (the therapist comes to like/dislike a client because client is perceived as similar to significant people in the therapist’s life).
76. concentrates on doing something about the situation, including: taking action to get rid of the problem; making a plan; putting aside other activities to concentrate on problem
77. characteristics exhibited in response to specific situations (e.g., xenophobia); more easily modified and not always exhibited
79. emotionally charged ideas and images that are rich in meaning and symbolism, exist within the collective unconscious [Shadowor Dark Side; Great Mother(nourishment or destruction); Wise Old Man(wisdom, often seen in dreams); Self (completion/wholeness; opposites; ultimate symbol is the Mandala)
80. entire identity gone, move and start over and start over
81. a nonspecific response to real OR imagined challenges or threats
82. an environmental stimuli that affects an organism, producing physical and psychological effects such as physical arousal and psychological tension and anxiety
83. arousal of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
84. Cognitive or perceptual distortions as well as discomfort in social relationships

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1. very high levels of physical arousal coupled with an intense fear of losing control
3. the part of personality that seeks to satisfy instinctual needs in accordance with reality (reality principle); it attempts to check the power of the id and delay gratification without regard for consequences (a manager)
5. Preoccupied with rules and lists; perfectionism interferes with rules and lists; perfectionism interferes with being able to complete tasks
6. (need to realize one’s fullest human potential, after lower needs are met)
7. pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour
9. inability to remember significant details about one’s personal self (profound and lengthy losses of identity or memory)
10. prevent condition before it begins
11. provide treatments meant to reduce another’s abnormal behaviour or emotional distress through spiritual, physical or psychological means
15. the moral aspect of mental functioning, comprising the ego ideal (what a person would ideally like to be) and the conscience (feelings of guilt); taught by parents and society but not in touch with reality
16. characterized by disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty
17. process by which a person takes some action to manage, master, tolerate, or reduce environmental or internal demands that cause or might cause stress and that tax the individual’s inner resources
18. Inability to respect the rights of others, irresponsible or unlawful behaviour that violates social norms
19. disorders in which individuals have physical symptoms without identifiable physical causes for these symptoms
26. a gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli while staying deeply relaxed (e.g., virtual reality therapy); first must learn relaxation
27. a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
28. preoccupation with fears of disease, don’t have them but worry about them (many feel pain and discomfort)
29. (empirical-scientific approach: based on rational theories, supported, more or less, by empirical studies, and does not involve religion or supernatural
30. “Multiple Personality Disorder”
31. concentrates on managing feelings that accompany stress and trying to find ways to feel better by: focusing on or expressing emotions; reinterpreting event; finding comfort in religion; seeking social support
32. those experiences we are aware of at any given time
37. Avoids interpersonal contact because of the risk of rejection; fear criticism and feel inadequate in social situations
38. process of evaluating individual differences among human beings by means of tests, interviews, observations, and recording of physiological processes
44. have to choose between 2 equally attractive alternatives or goals
45. emerge when personality theorists combine several related traits into 1 category
46. related to fixations, except they take place after a person has progressed through the various stages of development
47. an insightful awareness and ability to share another’s inner experience
49. therapy expose the client to the object of their fear and then prevent the compulsion (used often with OCD Anxiety Disorder)
51. are not as sociable/unsociable, cautious, prefer routine activities, do not enjoy meeting new people
52. occurs if person has rigid self-concepts (guard against potentially threatening feelings and experiences); they can’t fit new types of behaviour in to existing concept
54. a shared storehouse of primitive ideas and images that reside in the unconscious and are inherited from one’s ancestors
56. general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life’s usual activities
57. so central that a person’s entire life revolves around that trait (e.g., Snape in Harry Potter)
59. amnesia with no medical conditions (localized or generalized)
60. the source of a person’s instinctual energy, works mainly on the pleasure principle (tries to maximize instant gratification and satisfy raw impulses); it is demanding, irrational and selfish
61. a mystical symbol generally circular in form that in Jung’s view represents a person’s inward striving for unity (Hinduism and Buddhism use these as aids to meditation)
62. a # of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals, you learn that your problems are not unique (e.g., self-help groups)
63. person if you have received empathy and unconditional positive regard, you develop a healthy self concept and will move in a positive direction
65. techniques people use to deal with the stress of changing situations
66. people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate (behaviour is exaggerated or overly dramatic)
67. inserting a hole surgically into the skull
68. any readily identifiable stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from other individuals (e.g., shy…a continuum)
69. (an emotional reaction toward the therapist –either positive or negative) and
70. reinterpret undesirable feelings or behaviours that make them seem acceptable
74. having more than one disorder
78. obsessions (recurrent modes of thought), then anxiety increases and must carry out compulsions(repetitious behaviours)

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3. Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual
6. More agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts, sometimes used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness, or to add humor or ironic understatement
8. An atmosphere created by a writer’s diction and the details selected.
9. the conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove
12. Constructing a sentence so that both halves are about the same length and importance. Sentences can be unbalanced to serve a special effect as well.
15. a recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work (or in several works by one author), unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme.
16. calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an invocation.
18. a scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time.
19. Placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first (often set off by a colon).
20. the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text
25. “it does not follow”; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim
27. is a form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form:
28. reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually from literature, etc.).
29. a kind of repetition in which the last word or phrase of one sentence or line of poetry is repeated at the beginning of the next
32. basing a claim upon an isolated example or asserting that a claim is certain rather than probable.
36. a short piece of nonfiction prose in which the writer discusses some aspect of a subject.
37. attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification)
38. a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words of comparison as like, as, than, or resembles.
39. the repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together.
40. device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the line, clause, or sentence.
41. a discrepancy between appearances and reality.
42. Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Moliere: “One should eat to live, not live to eat.” In poetry, this is called chiasmus.
45. act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text, usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
46. the use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person , a thing, a place, or an experience.
50. SENTENCE a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action
51. sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them.
53. a figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement, for effect. “If I told you once, I’ve told you a million times….”
57. the associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition.
58. REASONING writer reduces argument or issues to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives
59. the listener, viewer, or reader of a text; most texts have multiple audiences
60. Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion.
63. LANGUAGE words which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. Similes and metaphors are common forms.
64. form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
66. an appeal through ethics. This appeal centers around our own credibility and good character (intelligence, virtue, goodwill). The qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience’s acceptance of the claim
67. ANALOGY when two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them. Assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well

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1. a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations.
2. a figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it.
4. COLOR a term applied to fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect and landscape.
5. SENTENCE one in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units.
6. Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences (it is the opposite of anaphora).
7. In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed.
10. Comparison made between two things to show how they are alike
11. poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit. Consider the following observation of
13. logical appeal. This aspect presents objective reasons that directly support the writer’s position and evidence or analysis to support the argument. The logical argument is divided into three parts. (CLAIM: Fact, Value, Policy;
14. a word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations.
17. writer uses same term in two different senses in an argument
21. reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples
22. an emotionally violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language
23. a speaker or writer’s choice of words.
24. reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true; see also syllogism
26. repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together.
30. the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.
31. SENTENCE a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning and then builds and adds on (aka LOOSE SENTENCE)
33. information to make an argument credible
34. an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward; a strong writer addresses counterargument through the process of concession and refutation
35. the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot.
37. HOMINEM “against the man”; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue
39. Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent.
42. Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z.... see polysyndeton.
43. an adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.
44. story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities. EXAMPLE: Animal Farm; Dante’s Inferno; Lord of the Flies
47. deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way-- this is done on purpose by the author, when it is not done on purpose, it is vagueness, and detracts from the work.
48. Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.
49. in general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main character or characters.
52. brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. Also called maxim, epigram.
54. an acknowledgement of objection to a proposal
55. THE QUESTION argumentation in which the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim aka “Circular Reasoning” making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided
56. an elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different. Often an extended metaphor.
61. a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.
62. a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area.
65. is a word or phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse. Avoid clichés like the plague. (That cliché is intended.)

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4. Products used to decolorize, remove or diffuse pigment; utilizes ingredients, such as ammonia and peroxide, to facilitate the oxidation process.
5. A technique in which selected woven or sliced strands of hair are darkened.
8. A product containing temporary color molecules that adhere to the outer cuticle of the hair and deposit color is called a color _______; lasts from shampoo to shampoo.
9. Pigment used to brighten or neutralize tones.
11. Implement used to measure the strength (volume) of hydrogen peroxide.
12. A term used to describe colors with an absence of warmth.
13. Protein packets that contain pigmented granules called melanin.
19. Color design step that divides the hair into workable areas for control and color placement; often relating to the structure of the sculpture.
20. In hair coloring, the predominant tone that identifies the warmth or coolness of a color is called the ____ color.
22. A light pastel color used to add warmth or coolness to prelightened hair; used to deposit color and neutralize unwanted pigment, such as brassy golds or yellows.
24. Name of a color, also referred to as tone, tells the warmth or coolness of a color; identified by its position on the color wheel.
25. Color _________ refers to the position of one or more colors within a color design as it relates to an area of the head or along the strand.
27. An oxidizing agent, generally very low-volume hydrogen peroxide.
31. Process of combining oxygen with other chemical ingredients.
32. The color _____ is a tool in which the 12 colors are positioned in a circle, allowing any mixed color to be described in relation to the primary colors.
33. Used to avoid staining and to protect the client's skin; also used to protect hair to remain untreated.
34. The visual perception of the reflection of light.
35. A technique by which selected woven or sliced strands of hair are lightened.
36. ________ dyes contain metals & are also known as progressive dyes.
37. Type of melanin; black pigment; a dense concentration will produce very dark hair; a small concentration will produce light (blond) hair.
39. _________ hair color is also referred to as an aniline derivative tint; penetrates the cuticle and cortex and remains on the hair until removed by chemical means, or hair grows out and is cut off.
41. A(n) ______ test is performed during the processing of a color application to monitor processing time and to assess any stress to the hair or scalp.
46. _________ hair colors need to be mixed with developers; deposit color, or lift and deposit color in a single-color process.
52. Also known as value or depth; the degree of lightness or darkness of a hair color relative to itself and others.
53. Hair color caused by reduced color pigment in the cortex layer of the hair; heredity is the primary factor.
54. Process of lightening the hair's natural pigment.
56. Contains little to no ammonia and deposits color or adds tone to the hair; uses a low volume peroxide to develop the color molecules and aids in the processing; generally lasts 4-6 weeks.
58. Subdivide the head into multiple areas to create a color design with a combination of colors.
59. Hair color that adds pigment but does not lighten the existing hair color is considered to be ____________ color.
60. A color _______ can be used as an efficient way to obtain product and can be support for the strand during application.
63. A type of on-the-scalp lightener; contains conditioners to make it more gentle.
64. The ________ Color is the color(s) present in the hair prior to the color design service; determines underlying pigment.
65. Refers to the vividness, brightness or saturation of a color within its own level; strength of a tone.
66. Undiluted color that can be added to any oxidative or nonoxidative color to enrich, or intensify, or occasionally tone down a color.
71. _________ dye is a natural product used to color the hair; use is discouraged due to unreliability.
73. _______ colors contain all three primary colors; neither warm not cool tones are exhibited.
74. ___-___-_____ Lightener contains alkaline salts and a strong oxidizing agent; when mixed with peroxide becomes a strong lightening product; can irritate the scalp and cause burns.
75. The ability of the hair to absorb and hold moisture, liquids and chemicals; can be classified as average, resistant, extreme or uneven.
77. Colors created by mixing primary colors with their neighboring secondary color in varying proportions.
78. Outer covering of the hairstrand.
80. A(n) ____-____ Tine is a color with the ability to lift natural melanin 3-5 levels and deposits delicate tones; single-process color with a higher degree of lightening action
81. Design principle in which all units are similar but gradually change in an ascending or descending scale; leads the eye rhythmically within a design.
83. A(n) ______-_______ Technique is a two-step hair color process that involves lightening the hair first and then adding color to the hair to achieve the desired results.
85. Colors created when primary colors are mixed in varying proportions; orange, green and violet.
86. Product that provides an even base color by filling in porous, damaged or abused areas with materials, such as proteins or polymers; equalizes the porosity of the hair and deposits a base color in one application.

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1. Pigment-producing cells that exist among the dividing cells within the hair bulb.
2. Product used to neutralize tones from the contributing pigment.
3. Colors found opposite one another on the color wheel; in hair color, they neutralize or cancel out one another when mixed together.
6. Hair's surface appearance; can be activated or unactivated; degree of coarseness or fineness in the hairstrand and whether it is straight, wavy, curly or tightly curled.
7. The ____________ pigment refers to either the client's naturally present melanin, or a combination of this melanin, and any previously applied artificial color remaining on the hair.
8. ____-_________ hair color deposits color and cannot lighten the hair; direct-dye color that needs no mixing; generally last through several shampoos, depending on the porosity of the hair.
10. Infection control method that kills certain but not all pathogens.
14. The ___ of color states that of all the colors in the universe, only three -yellow, red and blue, called primary colors- are pure; these three primary colors create all other colors.
15. The Virgin _______ Technique is a midstrand-to-ends-then-base application used to lighten existing hair color.
16. ___ Lightener is a color product that uses a certain amount of ammonia to give high lift; mild form of lightener that can be used directly on the scalp.
17. A(n) _______ Derivative Tint is an oxidative color with ammonia; also known as permanent color.
18. Strong alkaline solution that enables an oxidative color product to decolorize hair pigment and develop new color.
21. Type of melanin (red/yellow pigment); a dense concentration produces red hair.
23. The most often used oxidizing or developing agent is called ________ Peroxide.
26. A dye that is a combination of metallic and vegetable dye; metallic salts are added to a vegetable dye to create a wider range of colors and a longer-lasting color than achieved with vegetable dye alone.
28. A method of highlighting or lowlighting using foil to isolate the strands of hair to be lightened, colored or protected with conditioner.
29. Done to create lines that subdivide shapes or sections of hair for better control and accuracy while applying color.
30. Accelerator or booster used to increase the speed of the oxidation process in a chemical service.
38. Color ______ are categories of color that identify the degree of lightness or darkness of a color.
40. Hair coloring technique in which selected hair strands are pulled through perforated holes in a rubber coloring cap using a crochet hook; also referred to as frosting.
42. Design principle in which all units are identical except for positions; creates a feeling of uniformity; one color repeated within a given area or throughout.
43. Technique using the tail comb to weave out selected strands in an alternating pattern; the resulting woven strand can be classified as fine, medium or thick.
44. Design principle in which desirable relationships of opposites occur; creates a variety and stimulates interest in a design; colors that are either warm or cool or at least three levels apart.
45. An obvious difference between two colors along the hairstrand is called a Line of ___________; can be a result of new growth or overlapping product onto previously color-treated hair.
47. ________ Painting is a technique in which a brush is used to strategically position color or lightener on parts of the hair; balayage, ombre.
48. The process of removing dirt and debris to aid in preventing the growth of pathogens.
49. ___________ Coloring involves the positioning of highlights and/or lowlights on the surface of the hair or to selected strands to create special effects.
50. Most common vegetable dye; natural color product that produces reddish hues and highlights in the hair.
51. The warmth or coolness of a color; also known as hue or the name of the color.
55. Design principle that is a sequential repetition where two or more units occur in a repeating pattern; can break up the surface of an object and create interest.
56. The Virgin ______ Technique is a base-to-ends color application used to add tone to or darken the existing color along the hairstrand.
57. The second layer of the hair fiber consisting of unique protein structures; gives hair most of its pigment and strength (elasticity).
61. Coloring the hair back to its natural color is called a ____ ____.
62. Color _______ is a product used to remove unwanted artificial pigment from the hair.
67. Technique used to isolate straight partings to be treated with color or lightener.
68. Pigmented protein packets containing melanin granules.
69. Dimensional color technique that lightens only the ends of the hair; also referred to as tipping.
70. A product often known as color removers; designed to remove unwanted artificial pigment from the hair is called a Dye _______.
72. A(n) _____ (predisposition) test is used to see if a client has a negative or positive allergic reaction to a chemical product; required 24-48 hours prior to aniline derivative tints.
76. A color product used to lighten the hair, which can touch the scalp without harm is called __-___-_____ lightener; available as oil or cream.
79. Nonoxidative hair color, non-reactive, direct dyes also known as color rinses used to create temporary changes; lasts from shampoo to shampoo; no chemicals needed to develop them.
82. ____-_______ Semi-Permanent Hair Color is often referred to as demi-permanent color; generally, does not contain ammonia; deposit-only colors.
84. Central core of the hair shaft (often absent in fine or very fine hair).

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3. Irony The irony in a situation in which the audience or reader has a better understanding of events than the characters in a story do. e.g. Girl in a horror film hides in a closet where the killer just went (the audience knows the killer is there, but she does not).
4. Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. e.g. See you later, alligator. Too cool for school. Make or break. Shop 'til you drop.
6. A figure of speech which resembles a metaphor but uses these words: like, as, than, similar to. e.g. The lie formed like a blister on his lips.
7. A phrase common to people who speak the same language that doesn’t literally mean what it says. e.g. Cat got your tongue. Two Peas in a Pod
9. The term refers to the use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing, and unmelodious sounds – primarily those of consonants – to achieve desired results. The word originates from Greek, actually meaning bad sound. Generally uses consonants in combinations that require explosive delivery (e.g., p, b, d, g, k, ch-, sh- etc.) e.g. hard k and c sounds of “Klarissa Klein,” “Cadillac,” “crumpled,” and “honking,” hard g and b sounds in “grumbling,” “bumper,” “screaming,” and honking,” and the hard sk sound in “screaming.”
10. Irony The irony that occurs when the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what is said. e.g. Sarcasm (saying “Oh, fantastic!” when the situation is actually very bad)
12. The use of figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses. Usually it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds. e.g. “It was dark and dim in the forest. The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images. The children were screaming and shouting in the fields. “Screaming” and “shouting” appeal to our sense of hearing, or auditory sense. He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee. “Whiff” and “aroma” evoke our sense of smell, or olfactory sense. The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric. The idea of “soft” in this example appeals to our sense of touch, or tactile sense. The fresh and juicy orange is very cold and sweet. “Juicy” and “sweet” – when associated with oranges – have an effect on our sense of taste, or gustatory sense.
15. A two to three word phrase that contains opposite words or ideas. e.g. Wise fool. Working Vacation. Plastic Glasses
17. Words or phrases repeated in writing to produce emphasis, rhythm, and/or sense of urgency. e.g. Sorry, not sorry. Over and over. Home sweet home.
19. A play on words. e.g. Santa Claus' helpers are known as subordinate Clauses. Two peanuts walk into a bar, and one was a-salted. A chicken crossing the road is truly poultry in motion.
21. When the beginning of words start with the same consonant or vowel sounds. All the words must be close together. e.g. Sally Sold seven sea shells at the seashore.
24. A literary device writers use to address someone or something that is not physically present. The subject may be dead, absent, inanimate, or abstract. e.g. Dead: “Grandma, I know you’ll always be with me.” / Absent: “Sally, why do you never answer your phone?” / Inanimate: “Why won’t you turn green!?” / Abstract : “Love, you can be so cruel.”
26. irony The irony of something happening that is very different to what was expected. e.g. A fire station burns down. This is unexpected because one would assume the fire chief would keep his own building safe.
27. Is the repetition of vowel sounds at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. e.g. He is all pine, and I apple orchard (a sound)
29. A figure of speech in which words repeat at the beginning of successive clauses, phrases, or sentences. e.g. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania...
30. A figure of speech in which the word for part of something is used to mean the whole, or in which the whole is used to represent a part. e.g. The word “bread” can be used to represent food in general or money (e.g. he is the breadwinner; music is my bread and butter). The phrase "hired hands" can be used to refer to workmen. The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle. Or, Using the whole to refer to a part. e.g. The word “bread” can be used to represent food in general or money (e.g. he is the breadwinner; music is my bread and butter). The phrase "hired hands" can be used to refer to workmen. The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle.
31. It can be defined as the use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create. It gives pleasing and soothing effects to the ear due to repeated vowels and smooth consonants. All eexamples share the following features: The use of long vowel sounds, which are more melodious than consonants. Euphony involves the use of harmonious consonants, such as l, m, n, r, and soft f and v sounds. Euphony uses soft consonants or semi-vowels, including w, s, y, and th or wh, extensively to create more pleasant sounds. e.g. The words mists, mellow, close, sun, bless, vines and eves all have a soothing quality to them and don't sound harsh or jarring
32. A figure of speech that compares dissimilar objects that are alike in some way. They help create a clearer picture. Do not use these words: like, as, than, similar to and resembles. e.g. Life is a highway. Her eyes were diamonds. He is a shining star.

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1. A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to give a certain impact within your statement. e.g. “I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse,” “I've seen this movie a hundred times,” or “It cost an arm and a leg.”
2. Is the dictionary definition of a word. e.g. Juvenile - pertaining to young people.
5. When a thing refers to something else that it's closely associated with, but unlike synecdoche, the part does not have to refer to the whole, or vice versa. e.g. “Hollywood” is used to describe the American movie industry because that's where most films are produced in the U.S.
6. The use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. This can take different forms. Generally, it is an object representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. e.g. The dove is a symbol of peace. A red rose, or the color red, stands for love or romance. Black is a symbol that represents evil or death. A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between heaven and earth. A broken mirror may symbolize separation.
8. A figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other. e.g. “Hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins”.
11. Metaphor A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph, or lines in a poem. It is often comprised of more than one sentence, and sometimes consists of a full paragraph. e.g. “It never takes longer than a few minutes, when they get together, for everyone to revert to the state of nature, like a party marooned by a shipwreck. That’s what a family is. Also the storm at sea, the ship, and the unknown shore. And the hats and the whiskey stills that you make out of bamboo and coconuts. And the fire that you light to keep away the beasts.”
13. A reference made to a famous person, place, or event. Allusions should be familiar to the author’s intended audience for them to be effective. e.g. His smile is like kryptonite to me. She felt like she had a golden ticket.
14. A figure of speech in which the repetition of one or more words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. e.g. Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?
16. A figure of speech which uses a strategy to give objects, things or animals human characteristics which we recognize in ourselves. e.g. The camera hates me. Technology is out to get me!
18. Onomatopoeia is the usage of word which best demonstrates the sound it makes. Comics are a good resource to find these “sound words” such as: crash, boom, bang, crunch, kerplunk, zap and buzz. e.g. The water gurgled down the drain.
19. An extended oxymoron. It pits contradictory ideas against one another so that the statement appears to be untrue. However, when the reader evaluates a paradox in context, he or she discovers the paradox to hold a profound truth. e.g. “Good men must not obey the laws too well.” - Ralph Waldo Emmerson
20. To place two concepts, characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast them. e.g. Beggars can’t be choosers. To beg and to choose are opposite functions, and this proverb implies that in fact one cannot be both desperate and have any choice in the decision or result.
22. It the repetition of words, phrases or sentence structures. It adds rhythm and emotional impact to writing. e.g. “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.”
23. Is the thoughts, feelings, and images associated with a word. e.g. Juvenile - childish, immature, youthful criminal
25. Is the repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within a word. e.g. Lies stretching to my dazzled sight/ A luminous belt, a misty light (s and l sounds)
28. Is any general truth conveyed in a short sentence, in such a way that when once heard it is unlikely to pass from memory. e.g. He who rocks the boat seldom has time to row it. Actions speak louder than words. The early bird gets the worm.

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3. (Three words) - A plan put in place to try and prevent all of Europe from turning into cummists. America gave $17 billion within this plan to help get Europe's economy going.
5. (Two words) - The percentage of people who vote in an election. This percentage varies largely based on many factors including age, education, income, occupation and religion.
6. (Four words) - This is used in Canada. A person does not need to receive 50% of the votes in order for them to win their riding. They only need to have a number of votes high enough that when taken into consideration with all other parties' votes, it is impossible for them not to win.
8. - Used by Stalin to control the Soviet education. The Soviets were taught only about the good of communism and the evil of capitalism. It was a form of brainwashing.
9. (Three words) - A fund created by Premier Peter Lougheed in 1976. The three main goals were to save for the future, strengthen & diversify the economy, and improve the Albertan quality of life. In 2006, each Albertain received a cheque of $400 as a result of this fund.
13. (Two words) - A statement that states all problems are in some way connected to the supply of money. This states that the ways to fix problems within inflation and deflation are opposites; Raise interest rates vs. Lower interest rates, Decrease government spending vs. increase government spending.
15. - An increased role of government with the end goal of making life generally better for the common person. These people came mostly from the educated and middle class, they wanted to ‘fix’ politics. To increase people's general everyday life, they wanted to increase democracy, and therefore involve citizens more directly within the government decision making.
17. - The current president of Russia who has changed the constitution in order to allow himself to serve from 2000-2036.
19. - This term refers to something we have been experiencing recently with the Covid-19 pandemic. It often results in a bust in the economy as citizens are without money to spend, and are therefore saving as much as they can and only buying the absolute essentials. As a means to temporarily protect the economy while these rates are increasing, government’s will often put out some type of relief fund (such as CERB) or stimulus cheques.
20. - Occurs when the business cycle begins to retract. Often this is caused when consumer spending begins to decrease. It has the potential to lead to or result in a depression.
21. (Two words) - Canada has this service universal and publicly funded, making it free, or almost free to all. In other places such as the states, this service is private, and therefore very expensive, resulting in a decline in people's health and willingness to seek medical help when needed.
22. (Three words) - An idea brought about by Milton Friedman. It involved the theory that having the wealthy keep their wealth by having lower taxes, would cause a domino effect throughout the economy and overall help everyone. This was championed by Ronald Reagan and Margeret Thatcher in the 80s. It fell under the idea of Supply-Side Economics.
24. (Two words) - These people believed in an unrealistic perfect economy and world. Included were; Robert Owen, Charles Fourier.
25. (Two words) - This motivating factor of capitalism was first developed by Adam Smith. This selfish motivation will promote a better society as others will work harder. For example, when the common person notices that the Rich spend money on luxurious yachts, cars, and homes it motivates the common person to work harder to achieve a better lifestyle.
26. (Two words) - This is especially important in minority governments. Elected officials must vote on the side of their party, even if their own personal beliefs slightly differ.
28. (Two words) - This act was made in Great Britain in 1833 as a result of the Sadler Commission, it gave laws to regulate the working conditions of children.
29. - Typically, inflation occurs when an economy is booming. However, sometimes it may happen when the economy is in a bust, or just at a standstill. This term is used to describe when inflation is going up, but the economy is not going up with it, it's stagnated. This occurrence can lead to large economic issues that are hard to come back from as people are buying even less than usual to begin with, and yet inflation is still increasing.
31. - The rule of the people. The people elect their government into office to represent them. Even if the government someone votes for doesn’t win, they still have a chance for their party to get a seat in cabinet and continue to represent them. All decisions are made by majority rule.
32. - A system that creates a society in which every person is equal. Doctors would be paid the same as janitors and social classes would no longer exist. This system was primarily made and influenced by Karl Marx.
36. (Three words) - An economic system revolving around supply and demand in which there is very little to no government control. Often, this goes hand in hand with capitalism, although they are not exactly the same.
37. (Two words) - This policy was in effect as a means of helping an economy get out of a depression. It involved lower taxation so that people have more spending money available to them, as well as an increase in government spending. Government spending was beneficial in this case as they would start large-scale projects or build infrastructure, which would provide more people with jobs and therefore more people with spending money.
39. - Prior to 1872, this act was illegal. This was primarily used by labor unions and other groups as a way of getting what they wanted, whether it be a higher raise or better working conditions. This was used many times throughout history when workers refused to go to work.
41. - The group of people furthest to the left on the political spectrum. These people have an imaginary future, they’re revolutionary and violent but methodical and radical.
43. (Two words) - Falls under Supply-Side Economics, and supported by politicians such as Milton Friedman. It involved the lowering of interest rates so that citizens would continue to borrow more from banks, and therefore spending more.
44. (Two words) - The side of the political specrtum that believes in individualism, lower taxes, small government and less social services.
45. (Three words) - The creator of Alphabet Agencies and the New Deal. He believed that people needed confidence in both their economic and political systems and therefore he added in a series of measures to try and keep people on his side. These included; abolishing Prohibition, Bank Holidays, Removing America from the Gold Standard, etc. He also did not believe in handouts form the government, he wanted people to earn their sense of worth. He served as the president of the United States up until his death in 1945.
46. (Two words) - This man believed in supply side economics - his own form being known as “Reaganomics”. He advocated for tax reductions, and decreases in government spending.
47. (Two words) - A deal that was introduced after the 1932 election by the new president. It was made up of a series of programs and policies made to try and get the country out of it’s depression. It involved providing the American people with a regained trust and confidence in both their economic and political systems. The three main measures introduced with this act to help deal with the depression were; relief, recovery & reform.
48. (Two words) - The side of the political spectrum that believes in collectivism, higher taxes, larger government and more social services.
49. (Two words) - This man was a counter to Keynes, as he supported supply side economics. His basic principles involved taxing and subsidizing. His theory was in classical liberalism and trusted in the invisible hand to prevent and solve economic cycles.

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1. - Used specifically in 2008 in terms of the Subprime Crisis. The Big Three; Ford, Chrysler and GM requested these from the government in order to keep their companies afloat and up to par with competition.
2. (Two words) - This problem arose in 2008. Banks had been lending money to encourage investing and spending on houses, this was because of the vast amount of jobs that would result from building more houses. The banks were failing to look into employment status, credit history and income levels before offering these huge loans which resulted in rising interest rates and eventually falling housing prices. All together this led to a large increase in mortgage foreclosures.
4. - These people believe in extreme violence “Might makes Right” and demand a return to “The Golden Age”
7. (Two words) - This act was brought about in 1988 as a replacement for the War Measures Act. This act has never before been used in Canada. It gives the government the authority to suspend the rights of citizens in specific parts of Canada.
10. - The reduction or complete removal of government power, within a specific industry. This is used to help improve competition, but it can also help create higher efficiency and lower costs.
11. (Two words) - The government in power has over half of the seats in the cabinet. They have the power to put almost whatever they want into effect as they do not need any other members from other parties to side with them, as they can win by themselves.
12. (Three words) - A political system in which each member of parliament represents a specific and similar number of people. The province or country is divided into sections, and each section has a seat.
14. - This way of thinking was used in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The act of talking tough and hoping the opposing side will just back down.
16. (Two words) - A lack of interest in voting. This is often caused by a lack of education, a belief that your individual vote does not matter, or an assumption that nobody running for office matches their beliefs and therefore there is no point in voting.
18. (Two words) - When a government begins to pay out more money than they are getting back. This is typically only used as a means of getting an economy out of a recession. It tends to involve things such as a general increase in government spending to allow for higher job creation, but it also can occur in the form of handouts and benefits such as the CERB fund for the current pandemic. If the government were to continue giving out this fund to the point where they are not collecting an overage in tax revenue, the government is forced to take out loans. This increases the country's overall debt amount.
23. (Two words) - When the government in power does not have the overall majority of seats in the cabinet. In order for them to win and have their decisions put in place, they will need other members of parliament from different parties to side with them.
27. (Two words) - A utopian socialist. During the depression, he did not lay off any of his workers and he showed that there is no excuse for bad working conditions and low wages. He believed that the main way to improve society was to improve their environment. This could happen by providing more opportunities for schooling, housing, hospitals, as well as child-care.
30. (Three words) - An agreement between the ruler and the ruled. People agree to give up some of their personal rights in order for the government to protect everyone.
33. (Two words) - Set up by FDR, these things were named as a group based on their shortened acronyms. Included are things such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps.
34. - This political system has one government official ruling everyone and everything. Citizens are denied many of their rights including free speech. Privacy is non-existent as the secret police, censorship and terror are used to control all citizens.
35. (Three words) - This was a time that came right after a large boom in the 19th century. The biggest problem that led to this time was the Wall Street Crash of 1929, when wall street ‘overheated’ while also dealing with accusations of corruption and insider-trading. This time was also a result of very high wealth inequalities where 40% of the population was living below the poverty line, and the top 5% were earning 33% of the country's overall income. Millions of Canadians and Americans were left with no options of work, and businesses began to struggle to stay afloat.
38. (Two words) - A committee run by Michael Sadler that interviewed child labourers to get an idea of what the average working child has to go through.
40. (Two words) - This was a physical symbol of the Iron Curtain
42. - The name of the first satellite launched by the Soviets. This launching was a huge scientific achievement and it escalated tensions of the Cold War.
43. - The last name of the man who wrote The Communist Manifesto, he believed in everybody being equal. To do this required the government to provide everyone with their basic needs such as food, shelter, and help for their physical and mental needs. It was also a goal to abolish all private property, profit motive as well as crime. He wanted to create a society in which everyone was equal no matter where they came from.

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1. NUMBER The set of numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. INTEGERS The set of whole numbers and their opposites. RATIONAL NUMBER Any number that can be expressed as a fraction a/b, where b is not 0. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS Numbers that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction, like pi or the square root of 2. BASE The number or variable being multiplied when a number is raised to a power. EXPONENT The number that indicates how many times the base is used as a factor. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A way of writing very large or very small numbers using powers of 10. PRODUCT OF A POWER PROPERTY To multiply powers with the same base, you add the exponents. QUOTIENT OF A POWER PROPERTY To divide powers with the same base, you subtract the exponents. RATIO A comparison of two quantities by division. RATE A ratio that compares two quantities with different units of measure. UNIT RATE A rate in which the second quantity in the comparison is one unit (e.g., miles per hour). PROPORTION An equation that states that two ratios are equal. CONSTANT A fixed value that does not change; often the y-intercept in a linear relationship. PROPORTIONALITY A relationship between two quantities where their ratio remains constant. RATE OF CHANGE A ratio that describes how one quantity changes in relation to another (e.g., speed). SLOPE The measure of a line's steepness; rise over run. LINEAR EQUATION An equation whose graph is a straight line. X INTERCEPT The point where a line crosses the x-axis. Y INTERCEPT The point where a line crosses the y-axis. SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM The form y = mx + b for a linear equation. SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS Two or more equations with the same variables that are solved simultaneously. FUNCTION A relationship where every input has exactly one output. INPUT The x-value that is substituted into a function. OUTPUT The result of a function after the input has been processed (the y-value). DOMAIN The set of all possible input values (x) for a function. RANGE The set of all possible output values (y) for a function. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY Property stating that the grouping of numbers being added or multiplied does not change the result. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY Property stating that the order in which two numbers are added or multiplied does not change the result. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY Property used to multiply a single term by two or more terms inside a set of parentheses.

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1. An ancient Chinese treatment for healing that uses needles, placed in various areas of the skin. Bamboo -A fast-growing grass that grows very tall and with hollow stems like a tube. The Chinese found numerous uses for bamboo including paper, buildings, furniture, and musical instruments. Buddhism- One of the three major religions of China, Buddhism originated in India. Calligraphy- A style of writing that was considered an art form using brushes to paint the characters. Civil Services- The group of people who worked for the government. People had to pass a difficult examination to earn a job in the civil service. Cocoon- A protective covering made by silkworms before they transform into moths. The fibers from silkworm cocoons are used to make silk. Confucianism- A religion or philosophy based on teaching Confucius. Dragon- A revered mythical creature that has a long body of a serpent, sharp teeth, four legs, sharp talons, and can fly. Dynasty- When the rule of a country is passed down to family members over a long period. Five Elements- The five elements of ancient Chinese philosophy are wood, fire, earth, and metal. They are also called Wu Xing. Forbidden City- A giant palace built in the center of Beijing city by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Great Wall- A 5500-mile long wall built along the northern border of China. It was built to keep out the Mongol invaders. Gunpowder- An important invention that was used for fireworks and weapons such as bombs and guns. Junk- A type of Chinese sailboat that is typically flat bottomed and uses fully battened sails. Lacquer- A type of varnish used to protect items and make them more beautiful. Minister- A government official of high rank in the civil service. Mongols- The nomadic peoples of the north who often raided China. Under Genghis and Kublai Khan they captured much of China for a period. Nian- A legendary monster that terrorized a Chinese village until they used fireworks and noise to scare them off. The victory over Nian is celebrated on Chinese New Year. Pagoda- A religious temple that is built as a tower with many tiers and roofs. Porcelain- A type of ceramic invented by the Chinese. It is thin, strong, and beautiful. It is often called "china" in the west. Qin Shi Huang- The first emperor of China, Qin Shin Huang united China under one rule and began the Qin Dynasty. Sampan- A small narrowboat with a flat bottom that is usually 10 to 15 feet long. Silk- A luxurious material made from cocoons of silkworms. Silk is highly prized in ancient China and was only worn by wealthy nobles. Silk Road- A trade route that ran from northern China to Europe. Taoism- one of the three major religions or philosophies of Ancient China, Taoism follows the teachings of Lao-Tzu. Terracotta- A type of baked clay ceramic. It was used in building the 8,000 life-sized terracotta soldiers that were buried with Emperor Qin. Three Perfections- The Three Perfections were the three most important art forms of Ancient China: painting, poetry, and calligraphy. Three Ways- Refers to the three major philosophies of Ancient China: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Yin and Yang- A part of philosophy of Taoism, the yin and yang are opposites that balance each other throughout nature such as "light and dark", "hot and cold", or "male and female". Zheng He- A Chinese explorer during the Ming Dynasty. He established trade with India and Africa.

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